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. 2017 Jan 9;9(1):21. doi: 10.3390/polym9010021

Table 1.

Summary of chitosan combined with ZnO, TiO2 and Ag NPs for antimicrobial wound healing applications.

Authors Materials Products Remarkable Results
Kumar et al. (2012) [38] Chitosan + ZnO NPs Bandages

  • High antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus.

  • Good swelling, blood clotting ability.

  • No cytotoxicity on normal human dermal fibroblast (nHDF) cells and fast wound healing process.
Vicentini et al. (2009) [75] Chitosan + ZnO NPs + poly(vinyl alcohol) + Tween 80 Films

  • Compared to chitosan/PVA: chitosan/PVA/ZnO NPs have higher thermal stability; the reduction of tensile strength and elongation at break reduced; the degradation and swelling ratio increased; and they have stronger antimicrobial activity against S. aureus.
Samzadeh-Kermani and Miri (2014) [76] Chitosan + polyaniline + montmorillonite + ZnO NPs Films

  • High antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli.
Petkova et al. (2014) [12] Chitosan + ZnO NPs Textiles

  • High antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli.

  • Chitosan + ZnO NPs showed 87% improvement in biocompatibility, and cell viability was steady decreased after 1 week.
Karahaliloglu et al. (2016) [77] Chitosan + ZnO NPs + silk sericin Scaffolds

  • Higher antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus and increased HaCaT cells’ proliferation and viability when compared with chitosan/silk sericin/acid lauric.
Jayakumar et al. (2011) [99] Chitin/chitosan + TiO2 NPs Scaffolds

  • The presence of TiO2 NPs increases thermal stability and decreases pore size and swelling degradation.

  • No cytotoxicity on an array of MG-63, fibroblast cells (L929) and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs).
Archana et al. (2013) [27] Chitosan + pectin + TiO2 NPs Films

  • High antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of bacteria.

  • The presence of TiO2 NPs increased tensile strength, induced blood coagulation, good hemostatic ability, no toxicity on L929 and NIH3T3 fibroblast cells and faster healing.
Woo et al. (2015) [100] Chitosan + TiO2 NPs Bilayer composite

  • High antimicrobial activity, proper physiochemical, good biocompatibility and faster wound healing.
Hang et al. (2010) [5] Chitosan + poly(vinyl alcohol) + Ag NPs Fiber mats

  • The presence of Ag NPs increased electrospinning activity, showed no beads and a uniform fiber structure.

  • Higher antimicrobial against E. coli when compared with non-Ag NP mats.
Abdelgawad et al. (2012) [134] Chitosan + poly(vinyl alcohol) + Ag NPs Fiber mats

  • The presence of Ag NPs improved electrospinnability, decreased the diameter of fibers and enhanced antimicrobial activity against E. coli.
Ong et al. (2008) [135] Chitosan + polyphosphate + Ag NPs Films

  • The presence of Ag NPs increased antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus when compared to chitosan/polyphosphate films.
Lu et al. (2008) [136] Chitosan + Ag NPs Films

  • The presence of Ag NPs increased the wound healing process; silver content in rat organs was lower than silver sulfadiazine.
Anisha et al. (2013) [111] Chitosan + poly(vinyl alcohol) + Ag NPs Sponges

  • The presence of Ag NPs lowered the growth of a wide spectrum of harmful bacteria.

  • Higher concentration of Ag NPs leads to the reduction of fibroblast cell viability.
Celebi et al. (2013) [137] Chitosan + poly(vinyl alcohol) + hydroxyapatite Fiber mats

  • No growth of E. coli was observed.
Hebeish et al. (2014) [138] Chitosan + poly acrylonitrile + Ag NPs Graft nanocomposite

  • High antimicrobial activity against E. coli.
Thomas et al. (2012) [139] Chitosan + Ag NPs Films

  • The presence of Ag NPs increased the antimicrobial ability against E. coli and B. subtilis.
Li et al. (2010) [140] Chitosan + Ag NPs + ZnO NPs Films

  • Chitosan/Ag NPs/ZnO NPs have high antimicrobial activity against a wide range of spectrum bacteria and stronger than chitosan/Ag NPs and chitosan/ZnO NP films.
Levi-Polyachenko et al. (2016) [142] Chitosan + Ag NPs Films

  • The number of peripheral blood mononuclear, keratinocyte and fibroblast cells was maintained or increased when contacted with chitosan/Ag NP films.

  • The presence of Ag NPs induced cell proliferation, increased antimicrobial activity and generated mild hyperthermia for the delivery of small molecules.