| • | Hydrolysis: | M(OR)4 + H2O → HO − M(OR)3 + ROH, | (1) |
| • | Condensation: | (OR)3M − OH + OH − M(OR)3 → (OR)3M − O − M(OR)3 + H2O, | (2) |
| (OR)3M − OH + RO − M(OR)3 → (OR)3M − O − M(OR)3 + ROH. | (2’) |
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