Table 3.

Examples of polymer-graphene electrospun scaffolds for tissue engineering.

Polymers (and additives)	Solvents	Nanocarbons	Filler loading (wt %)	Structure	Main improvements	Target tissue	Refs
CS/GEL/HA	AA/H2O	GO; RGO	2%	Random	Bioactivity, antibacterial and mechanical properties	Bone	[155]
CS/PEO/BC	AA/H2O	GO	0–2	Random D = 145–254 nm	Mechanical properties	Skin	[153]
CS/PVP/PEO	AA/H2O	GO	0–2	Random, D = 80–200 nm	Mechanical properties, bioactivity	Skin/bone	[152]
GEL	DMSO	GO-g-[P(HEMA-g-CL)]	2–3	Random, D = 100–200 nm	Mechanical and electrical properties, wettability	Not specified	[151]
PAN	DMF	GO; RGO	N/A	Random	Mechanical, electrical properties	Not specified	[157]
PCL	CHCl3	GO	N/A	Random, D = N/A	Mechanical, electrical, cell signaling	Skeletal muscle	[158]
PCL	CHCl3	GO	0.3–2	Random, D = 0.1–8 μm	Mechanical, electrical properties, bioactivity	Muscle	[159]
PCL	DMF	GO	0.3–0.5	Random; D = 1–3 μm	Cell differentiation	Nerve/cartilage	[8]
PCL	DMF	GO	0.5–2	Random, D = 0.2–2.5 μm	Mechanical properties, bioactivity, biodegradability	Bone	[160]
PCL	DCM/EtOH 4:1	GO; GO-g-PEG	0.25–2	Random, D = 200–1000 nm	Mechanical, wettability, cell adhesion	Osteochondral	[7]
PCL	AA	GO; RGO	0–1	Aligned, D = 100–400 nm	Mechanical properties	Not specified	[161]
PLA	CHCl3/DMF	GO; GO-g-PEG	2	Random, D = 500–1000 nm	Mechanical properties	Osteochondral	[28]
PLA/HA	DCM/DMF	GO	1–3	D = 412–516 nm	Mechanical, bioactivity	Bone	[162]
PLA/PU 4:1	DMF/DCM 2:3	GO	5	Random, D ~ 1 μm	Biocompatibility, antimicrobial properties	Cartilage	[163]
PLGA	THF/DMF	GO	1	D = 783–1461 nm	Wettability, bioactivity	Bone	[164]
PLGA/Col	HFIP	GO	4	Random, D = 100–950 nm	Cell proliferation, mechanical properties	Bone/muscle	[124]
PLGA/RGD	HFIP	GO	N/A	Random, D = 200–1440 nm	myogenic differentiation	Bone/muscle	[123]
PLGA/SF	HFIP	GO	1	Random, D = 130–280 nm	Mechanical, wettability, cell differentiation	Bone	[165]
PLLA	HFIP	GO	N/A	Aligned; D = 680 nm	Cell differentiation and growth	Nerve	[166]
PU	DMF	GO	0.5-2	D = 290–400 nm	Mechanical properties, bioactivity	Osteochondral	[167]
PVA	H2O	GNS	1%–7%	Random, D = 200-800 nm	Electrical properties	Cartilage	[168]
PVA	H2O	GO	0-5	Random, D < 1 μm	Mechanical properties, bioactivity	Bone	[169]
PVA/CS	AA/H2O	GO	0.05–0.6	D = 123–200 nm	Mechanical properties	Skin	[156]
PVC; FN	THF/DMF (4:1)	GO; RGO	N/A	N/A	Mechanical, electrical properties, bioactivity	Nerve	[170]
SF	H2O	GO; RGO	N/A	D = 3.9–5.2 μm	Electrical properties	Nerve	[154]

N/A: Data not available; D: Diamater; The other acronyms are available in the acronym list.