Table 4.
State sentiment towards race/ethnic groups and individual level birth outcomes
| Full population | Among Hispanics, nonwhites, and foreign-born | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low Birth Weight |
Very Low Birth Weight |
Preterm birth | Low Birth Weight |
Very Low Birth Weight |
Preterm birth | |
| State level Twitter-derived variables | Prevalence Ratio (95% CI)b |
Prevalence Ratio (95% CI)b |
Prevalence Ratio (95% CI)b |
Prevalence Ratio (95% CI)b |
Prevalence Ratio (95% CI)b |
Prevalence Ratio (95% CI)b |
| Proportion of tweets about blacks
that are positive |
||||||
| 1st tertile (lowest) | 1.08 (1.06, 1.09) | 1.08 (1.04, 1.11) | 1.16 (1.15, 1.17) | 1.10 (1.09, 1.12) | 1.10 (1.05, 1.15) | 1.18 (1.16, 1.20) |
| 2nd tertile | 1.07 (1.06, 1.08) | 1.07 (1.03, 1.10) | 1.11 (1.10, 1.12) | 1.09 (1.07, 1.11) | 1.07 (1.03, 1.12) | 1.11 (1.10, 1.13) |
| Proportion of tweets about
Middle Eastern groups that are positive |
||||||
| 1st tertile (lowest) | 1.09 (1.07, 1.10) | 1.13 (1.09, 1.17) | 1.04 (1.03, 1.05) | 1.11 (1.09, 1.13) | 1.18 (1.13, 1.24) | 1.05 (1.03, 1.07) |
| 2nd tertile | 1.05 (1.04, 1.07) | 1.11 (1.07, 1.15) | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) | 1.07 (1.05, 1.10) | 1.13 (1.08, 1.19) | 1.05 (1.03, 1.07) |
| Proportion of tweets about Hispanics
that are positive |
||||||
| 1st tertile (lowest) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.11) | 0.97 (0.96, 0.99) |
| 2nd tertile | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.10) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 1.10 (1.02, 1.19) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.02) |
| Proportion of tweets about Asians
or Pacific Islander that are positive |
||||||
| 1st tertile (lowest) | 0.96 (0.95, 0.98) | 0.96 (0.93, 1.00) | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | 0.96 (0.94, 0.98) | 0.94 (0.89, 0.99) | 0.98 (0.96, 0.99) |
| 2nd tertile | 0.98 (0.97, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) |
| N | 3,444,526 | 3,444,526 | 3,446,140 | 1,705,853 | 1,705,853 | 1,706,593 |
a
Data source for health outcome: 2015 Natality File. Tweets collected from April 2015-March 2016
b
Adjusted Poisson models were run for each outcome separately. Models controlled for state-level % non-Hispanic white and median household income as well as individual level maternal age, sex, race, ethnicity, foreign birth, education, marital status, smoking, body mass index, first birth status, and prenatal care. Twitter-derived characteristics were categorized into tertiles, with the highest tertile serving as the referent group. Robust standard errors reported.