Table 1.

Pre- and post-exercise comparison of hyoid bone kinematics

Measurements (n=18)	Baseline (%)	Follow-up (%)	P-value	ES
Superior movement of the hyoid bone	44.6±30.3	56.9±33.6	0.012	r=0.65
Anterior movement of the hyoid bone	27 (11.4–33.8)	33.2 (13.9–50.9)	0.031	r=0.51
TP (k/Pa)	31.5±8.9	34.3±8.4	0.002	r=0.65
ODKR/ta/ (t/s)	5.6±1.3	6.0±0.9	0.034	r=0.49
ODKR/ka/ (t/s)	5.2 (4.7–5.8)	5.6 (5.2–6.0)	0.009	r=0.61

Notes: Results are expressed as mean ± SD for the paired t-test and median (IQR) for the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. ES was defined as large for r>0.5, medium for 0.3<r<0.5, small for 0.1<r<0.3, and no effect for r<0.1.

Abbreviations: ES, effect size; ODKR, oral diadokokinetic rate (for syllables /ta/ and /ka/); TP, tongue pressure; t/s, time per second.