Table 2.
Pre- and post-exercise swallowing function comparison
| Measurements (n=18) | Baseline | Follow-up | P-value | ES |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Pharyngeal transition time (s) | 0.98 (0.81–1.20) | 0.80 (0.74–0.82) | 0.004 | r=0.68 |
| UES opening width | 11.3 (8.6–14.8) | 12.3 (11.2–17.6) | 0.001 | r=0.82 |
| Penetration and aspiration scale | 2 (1–2.25) | 1 (1–1) | 0.016 | r=0.57 |
| NRRSv | 0.08 (0.01–0.11) | 0.04 (0.02–0.05) | 0.093 | r=0.4 |
| NRRSp | 0.02 (0.03–0.05) | 0 (0–0.01) | 0.022 | r=0.54 |
Notes: Results are expressed as mean (IQR) for the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. ES was defined as large for r>0.5, medium for 0.3<r<0.5, small for 0.1<r<0.3, and no effect for r<0.1.
Abbreviations: ES, effect size; NRRS, normalized residue ratio scale; NRRSp, post-residue in the piriform sinus; NRRSv, post-residue in valleculae; UES, upper esophageal sphincter.