Table 4.
Association of parental receipt of a provider recommendation for their child to receive influenza vaccination with sociodemographic characteristics among children 6 months–17 years who had a provider visit since July 1st during the influenza season, United States, National Immunization Survey-Influenza (NIS-Flu), 2013–14 through 2015–16 influenza seasons
|
Characteristics |
2013–14 influenza season | 2014–15 influenza season | 2015–16 influenza season | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| APR* ± 95% CI† | AP‡ % | APR ± 95% CI | AP % | APR ± 95% CI | AP % | |
| Child’s age | ||||||
| 6–23 months | 1.37 (1.25–1.51) | 79.3 (74.6–83.3) | 1.28 (1.22–1.34) | 81.3 (78.7–83.6) | 1.31 (1.25–1.37) | 80.8 (78.3–83.1) |
| 2–4 years | 1.37 (1.25–1.49) | 78.9 (74.9–82.5) | 1.22 (1.17–1.29) | 78.0 (75.4–80.4) | 1.23 (1.16–1.29) | 75.7 (72.6–78.6) |
| 5–12 years | 1.24 (1.14–1.34) | 71.5 (68.5–74.2) | 1.13 (1.08–1.18) | 72.2 (70.5–73.9) | 1.17 (1.11–1.22) | 72.0 (70.2–73.8) |
| 13–17 years | Referent | 57.8 (53.3–62.2) | Referent | 63.7 (61.3–66.1) | Referent | 61.8 (59.4–64.2) |
| Child’s sex | ||||||
| Male | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 69.5 (66.5–72.4) | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 71.5 (69.9–73.1) | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 69.3 (67.5–71.0) |
| Female | Referent | 69.0 (65.9–71.9) | Referent | 71.6 (69.8–73.2) | Referent | 71.5 (69.8–73.2) |
| Child’s race/ethnicity§ | ||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | Referent | 69.1 (66.6–71.5) | Referent | 71.1 (69.4–72.7) | Referent | 69.1 (67.4–70.8) |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) | 73.9 (68.7–78.5) | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 73.9 (70.8–76.8) | 1.05 (1.00–1.10) | 72.3 (69.2–75.3) |
| Hispanic | 0.96 (0.86–1.08) | 66.7 (59.4–73.3) | 0.99 (0.94–1.05) | 70.5 (67.0–73.8) | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) | 72.3 (68.6–75.7) |
| Other, non-Hispanic | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | 68.2 (60.7–74.8) | 1.03 (0.98–1.09) | 73.2 (69.5–76.7) | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) | 70.5 (65.8–74.9) |
| Language survey completed | ||||||
| English | Referent | 67.6 (64.7–70.4) | Referent | 70.2 (68.7–71.5) | Referent | 69.9 (68.5–71.4) |
| Spanish | 1.23 (1.11–1.36) | 83.0 (75.2–88.6) | 1.17 (1.11–1.24) | 82.4 (78.0–86.0) | 1.09 (1.00–1.18) | 75.9 (69.8–81.1) |
| Other language | 0.96 (0.79–1.17) | 64.7 (51.5–76.0) | 0.97 (0.83–1.13) | 68.0 (56.6–77.5) | 0.97 (0.81–1.15) | 67.8 (55.2–78.2) |
| Mother’s education | ||||||
| <High school | Referent | 66.9 (59.3–73.7) | Referent | 70.6 (66.2–74.6) | Referent | 70.1 (65.6–74.4) |
| High school or equivalent | 0.99 (0.86–1.13) | 66.1 (60.8–71.0) | 0.97 (0.90–1.04) | 68.5 (65.4–71.4) | 0.97 (0.90–1.04) | 67.7 (64.6–70.7) |
| Some college | 1.05 (0.93–1.18) | 70.0 (66.7–73.0) | 0.99 (0.92–1.06) | 69.8 (67.4–72.0) | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | 67.3 (64.8–69.8) |
| ≥College degree | 1.06 (0.94–1.20) | 71.0 (67.3–74.3) | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) | 74.4 (72.5–76.2) | 1.04 (0.97–1.12) | 73.3 (71.4–75.1) |
| Poverty/annual household income|| | ||||||
| Above poverty (>$75,000) | 1.19 (1.07–1.32) | 73.9 (70.8–76.7) | 1.09 (1.03–1.15) | 75.5 (73.6–77.4) | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) | 72.0 (69.9–73.9) |
| Above poverty (≤$75,000) | 1.12 (1.01–1.24) | 69.4 (65.9–72.7) | 1.00 (0.95–1.06) | 69.7 (67.5–71.7) | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 70.4 (68.2–72.6) |
| Below poverty | Referent | 62.1 (55.9–67.9) | Referent | 69.4 (66.1–72.5) | Referent | 67.6 (64.2–70.8) |
| Unknown | 1.06 (0.93–1.21) | 66.0 (59.7–71.7) | 0.97 (0.89–1.04) | 67.0 (62.7–71.0) | 1.03 (0.95–1.10) | 69.4 (65.4–73.1) |
| Number of children in household | ||||||
| 1 | Referent | 62.5 (58.9–66.0) | Referent | 69.0 (67.2–70.8) | Referent | 66.8 (64.5–69.0) |
| 2–3 | 1.14 (1.07–1.21) | 71.3 (68.3–74.0) | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) | 73.1 (71.5–74.7) | 1.06 (1.02–1.11) | 71.1 (69.4–72.7) |
| ≥4 | 1.17 (1.07–1.27) | 72.9 (67.8–77.5) | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 69.2 (65.1–73.0) | 1.12 (1.06–1.19) | 74.8 (71.0–78.2) |
| Urban-rural residence | ||||||
| Urban (MSA,¶ principal city) | 1.00 (0.91–1.08) | 67.7 (63.7–71.4) | 1.11 (1.05–1.18) | 73.3 (70.9–75.5) | 1.12 (1.06–1.18) | 73.3 (71.0–75.5) |
| Suburban (MSA, not principal city) | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) | 70.2 (67.2–73.1) | 1.10 (1.04–1.16) | 72.2 (70.6–73.7) | 1.07 (1.02–1.13) | 70.3 (68.6–72.0) |
| Rural (non-MSA) | Referent | 68.0 (63.4–72.3) | Referent | 65.8 (62.4–69.0) | Referent | 65.6 (62.5–68.6) |
| Region of residence | ||||||
| Northeast | 1.10 (1.02–1.18) | 73.1 (68.8–77.0) | 1.09 (1.05–1.14) | 76.7 (74.1–79.1) | 1.11 (1.07–1.16) | 75.9 (73.6–78.1) |
| Midwest | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 68.0 (64.2–71.7) | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 71.4 (69.2–73.4) | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) | 71.8 (69.7–73.8) |
| South | Referent | 66.5 (62.9–70.0) | Referent | 70.1 (68.3–71.9) | Referent | 68.1 (66.3–69.9) |
| West | 1.08 (1.00–1.17) | 72.0 (67.7–75.9) | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | 70.3 (67.1–73.3) | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 68.7 (64.9–72.2) |
APR = adjusted prevalence ratio. Estimates in bold are statistically significantly different from the referent (P < 0.05). All variables listed in the table were included in the model.
CI = confidence interval.
AP = adjusted prevalence.
Race/ethnicity is based on parental report. Children of Hispanic ethnicity may be of any race. Children categorized as white, black, or other were identified as non-Hispanic. The other race category included children of reported Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, other, or multiple (i.e. selected more than one race category) races.
Poverty level was defined based on the reported number of people living in the household and annual household income, according to the U.S. Census poverty thresholds (https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical-poverty-thresholds.html).
MSA = metropolitan statistical area. MSA was based on parent/guardian respondent-reported city, state, county, and zip code of residence using the (https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro.html) MSA definitions file.