Table 5.

Narrative Review Results for 20 articles that discuss individual case studies in detail.

Author(s)	Title	Year	Case(s)	Type of Article and Aims (Domain 1)	Context of Citation (Domain 2)	Synthesis (Domain 4*)
Mock, C.	Strengthening care for the injured globally	2011	Mexico, Cambodia/Iraq, Thailand, Vietnam	Published remarks from invited lecture at national trauma meeting on injury as a global health issue	Examples of individual countries overcoming specific challenges	A
World Health Organization	World Report on Disability	2011	Brazil, India	WHO report detailing evidence for innovative policies and programs that improve the lives of people with disabilities and suggests next steps for stakeholders	Discusses rehabilitation services for spinal cord injury patients in Brazil and India	A
Stelfox, H. T et al.	Trauma quality improvement in low and middle income countries of the asia-pacific region: A mixed methods study	2012	Thailand	Mixed-methods research article detailing discussion content and survey results from a regional trauma QI meeting in Asia-Pacific region	Thailand case cited and described as an example of the importance of piloting projects	A
Hanche-Olsen et al	Trauma Care in Africa: A Status Report from Bostwana, Guided by the World Health Organization’s “Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care”	2012	Thailand	Research article evaluating trauma care in Botswana	Thailand case referenced as an example of successful QI and the importance of functioning administrative functions	A
World Health Organization	Strengthening Road Safety Legislation a Practice and Resource Manual for Countries	2013	Colombia/R omania	WHO report describing methods and resources that practitioners and decision-makers can use for enacting laws or regulations in a comprehensive road safety strategy	Section 3.2.2 on ensuring a comprehensive regulatory and legislative framework for post-crash care	A
Al-Thani et al.	Prehospital versus emergency room intubation of trauma patients in qatar: A-2-year observational study	2014	Qatar	Research article evaluating outcomes comparing prehospital intubation vs ER intubation	Introductory remarks on prevalence of blunt trauma and advanced EMS services	B
Stewart, B et al.	Global disease burden of conditions requiring emergency surgery	2014	Thailand	Literature review of emergency general surgery (non-trauma, non-obstetric)conditions requiring surgery	Discussion section refers specifically to Thailand case as an example of functioning QI in trauma and potential parallels to emergency general surgery	A
Suriyawongpai sal, P et al.	A Thailand case study based on quantitative assessment: Does a national lead agency make a difference in pre-hospital care development in middle income countries?	2014	Colombia/R omania	Research article to assess the impact of the Emergency Medical Institute of Thailand (EMIT) reviewing pre-hospital care records over 4 years	When describing known barriers to systematic improvements for EMS in LMICs, authors cite the case from Colombia and Romania where legislation addressed these issues.	A
Wesson, H. K. H et al.	Trauma systems in Kenya: A qualitative analysis at the district level	2015	Colombia/Romania	Research article assessing perceptions of formal and informal district level trauma systems through interviews and focus group discussions in Kenya	The authors note the use of legislation as a tool towards enhancing prehospital care and cite the case in Colombia	A
Mock, C. N et al.	Essential surgery: Key messages from disease control priorities, 3rd edition	2015	Vietnam	Review article summarizing key findings from Volume 1 of Essential Surgery for the 3rd Edition of the Disease Control Priorities published by the World Bank	Refers to Vietnam case as an example of addressing problems related to the physical resources necessary to provide trauma care	A
Debas HT et al.	Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 1): Essential Surgery	2015	Canada, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam	Book chapter on surgery and trauma in LMICs published by the World Bank	Section on trauma care systems describes in detail improvements in Quebec and Sri Lanka, and QI in Thailand	A
World Health Organization	Global Status Report on Road Safety, 2015	2015	Thailand	WHO report detailing the burden of road traffic injuries, examples of success, and areas for improvement	Thailand case cited as an example of trauma care improvement using QI	A
Browner BD et al.	Skeletal trauma: basic science, management, and reconstruction. Chapter 3: The Challenges of Orthopedic Trauma Care in the Developing World	2015	Thailand, Colombia, Vietnam, Sri Lanka	Textbook chapter on orthopedic injuries in the developing world	Section on improving system wide trauma care describes the Thailand case as an example of QI with results. Subsequent sections reference adherence to Guidelines to Essential Trauma Care and utility of needs assessments	A
Fuangworawon g et al.	Assessment of trauma quality improvement activities at public hospitals in Thailand	2016	Thailand	Research article evaluating the presence of TQIPs and barriers to TQIP using a survey instrument at 110 trauma hospitals in Thailand	Discussion section contextualizing study results. Suggestion that Thailand could be a model for other nations implementing TQIPs	A
Japiong et al.	Availability of resources for emergency care at a second-level hospital in ghana: A mixed methods assessment	2016	Ghana	Research article evaluating the availability of resources at a second level hospital in Ghana	Introductory remarks highlighting focus in Ghana on prior initiatives not related to second-level hospitals	C
Stewart, B et al.	Serial assessment of trauma care capacity in Ghana in 2004 and 2014	2016	Ghana	Research article assessing changes in Ghana’s trauma care capacity between 2004 and 2014	Cited book to reference the Ghana NAS as one of many examples for how the trauma landscape in Ghana has changed between 2004 and 2014	B
Tansley et al.	Population-level spatial access to prehospital care by the national ambulance service in Ghana	2016	Ghana	Research article to describe spatial access to formal pre-hospital care services in Ghana and identify ambulance stations for capacity expansion	Describes background information on the Ghana NAS	B
Reynolds, T. et al.	The impact of trauma care systems in low-and middle-income countries	2017	Brazil, Sri Lanka, Thailand	Systematic review aimed at synthesizing the impact of trauma care systems in LMICs	Resulted from search terms, 1 of 186 reviewed reports, classified as compendium. Results section further described case details from Thailand, Brazil, and Sri Lanka	A
Zakariah, A et al.	The birth and growth of the national ambulance service in Ghana	2017	Ghana	Research article describing the National Ambulance Service in Ghana from 2004–2014	The Ghana NAS case is referenced mostly in historical context and why prior attempts at improving prehospital services were unsuccessful	B
Dicker et al.	Trauma, Eigth Edition: Chapter 3 Injury Prevention	2017	Thailand	Book chapter on injury prevention in surgical trauma textbook	Cited in a sub-section titled “Injury as a Global Health Problem” mentions specifically technical assistance documents by WHO and the QI example in Thailand	B
Case Study Key Elements
Cambodia and Iraq	Training for local communities on pre-hospital life-support with mentoring programs and quality monitoring.					Domain 3
Ghana	Establishment of a National Ambulance Service with 7 pilot locations in 3 regions, a National HQ, Regional Medical Coordinators, and data collection systems
Mexico	Increase the number of ambulance stations, implement a universal telephone access number and improvements in paramedic training.
Colombia and Romania	Nationwide EMS legislation passed; Uniform standards for training EMS staff, equipment, ambulance and operating procedures, governance and enforcement measures, collaboration between government and EMS officials
Thailand	Major TQIP implementation; Trauma Registry and use in QI; Participatory Action Research, peer review, medical audit, development of performance indicators
Qatar	Implementation of a new hospital based trauma service; specific trauma facilities/staff; QI programs; rehabilitation services; education to clinical and non-clinical staff
Vietnam	Established standards for infrastructure, medical equipment, and training for clinics/hospitals in Hanoi, additional ambulance stations, improvements at Commune health stations, needs assessments in accordance with Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care
Brazil	Creation of a dedicated rehabilitation team at an acute care hospital.
India	Provided assistive devices, physical therapy, technical support, network strengthening for resources aimed at improving care for individuals with disabilities.
Canada	Province wide trauma registry, accreditation of trauma centers, initiation of trauma care networks, development of triage and transfer protocols.
Sri Lanka	Creation of a trauma secretariat and governance expansion with key groups and individuals involved in trauma care and nationwide planning.
Synthesis Outcomes
A	Detailed description provided, no adoption of lessons learned to a new circumstance, however, suggestion of potential replication in similar circumstances					*Domain 4
B	Detailed description provided for historical context, no adoption of lessons learned to new circumstance, no suggestion of use in future initiatives
C	Minimal description of case, no adoption of lessons learned to new circumstance, no suggestion of use in future initiatives

QI=Quality Improvement, TQIP = Trauma Quality Improvement Program, HQ=Headquarters, EMS = Emergency Medical Services, LMIC= Low-and Middle-Income Countries