Table 3:

Associations of maternal factors with log-transformed breastmilk leptin at 1- and 3 months postpartum^a

		Crude Model				Adjusted Modelb
Models	Maternal Factors	N	β	SE	P	N	β	SE	p
Model 1	Pre-pregnancy BMI, (kg/m2)	135	0.52	0.05	<0.001	130	0.49	0.06	<0.001
	Pre-pregnancy BMI, (kg/m2) *Time	135	0.08	0.05	0.113	130	0.07	0.06	0.249
Model 2	Excessive GWGc,d	135	0.49	0.14	0.001	130	0.30	0.11	0.009
	Excessive GWG * Time	135	0.04	0.10	0.710	130	0.07	0.11	0.530
Model 3	OGCT (g/dl)d,e	134	0.14	0.07	0.056	129	0.04	0.06	0.521
	OGCT * Time	134	−0.01	0.05	0.850	129	0.01	0.06	0.792
Model 4	Post-partum weight loss (kg)d,f	132	−0.24	0.07	0.001	129	−0.18	0.06	0.003
	Post-partum weight loss (kg) * Time	132	0.02	0.06	0.696	129	0.04	0.06	0.528

^aAll continuous independent variables (pre-pregnancy BMI, Oral glucose challenge test and post-partum weight loss) were standardized to a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. Bolded values are statistically significant at p-value < 0.05. Time was the time point for measurement of milk hormones (1 and 3 months, with 1 month as the referent)

^bAdjusts for maternal age, maternal education, mode of delivery, breast milk feeding exclusivity, infant sex, gestational age at delivery, and breast milk volume.

^cGestational Weight Gain; excessive gain based on Institute of Medicine 2009 guidelines for gestational weight gain

^dModels additionally adjusted for pre-pregnancy BMI

^eOral Glucose Challenge Test, 50 g glucose challenge administered between 24-28 weeks of gestation to screen for gestational diabetes

^fPost-partum weight loss was calculated as maternal weight at delivery minus maternal weight at 1 or 3 months post-partum, entered into the mixed models as a time varying independent variable.