TABLE E2.
Baseline characteristics of children and upstream predictors of the intestinal microenvironment
| All subjects (n = 83) |
Subjects with iNKT-cell activity data (n = 57) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | All children (n = 81) | Food allergic (n = 12) | Food sensitive (n = 32) | Control (n = 37) | P value | Food allergic (n = 8) | Food sensitive (n = 22) | Control (n = 27) | P value |
| Sex, n (%) | .66 | .17 | |||||||
| Male | 41 (51) | 5 (42) | 18 (56) | 18 (49) | 2 (25) | 14 (64) | 13 (48) | ||
| Female | 40 (49) | 7 (58) | 14 (44) | 19 (51) | 6 (75) | 8 (36) | 14 (52) | ||
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | .94 | .98 | |||||||
| Black, non-Hispanic | 34 (42) | 6 (50) | 13 (41) | 15 (41) | 4 (50) | 9 (41) | 10 (37) | ||
| White, non-Hispanic | 26 (32) | 4 (33) | 11 (34) | 11 (30) | 2 (25) | 6 (27) | 9 (33) | ||
| Hispanic | 21 (26) | 2 (17) | 8 (25) | 11 (30) | 2 (25) | 7 (32) | 8 (30) | ||
| Birth by Cesarean section, n (%) | 24 (30) | 6 (50) | 5 (16) | 13 (35) | .052 | 5 (63) | 2 (9) | 9 (33) | .01 |
| Gestational age (wk), mean ± SD | 39.1 ± 1.6 | 39.4 ± 1.7 | 38.9 ± 1.9 | 39.4 ± 1.4 | .48 | 39.3 ± 1.6 | 38.8 ± 2.2 | 39.4 ± 1.4 | .79 |
| Number of living children born to mother, mean ± SD | 0.9 ± 0.9 | 1.2 ± 0.9 | 1.0 ± 0.9 | 0.8 ± 0.9 | .40.16 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 0.8 ± 0.9 | .36 |
| Antibiotic exposure, n (%) | |||||||||
| Perinatal antibiotics | 35 (43) | 8 (67) | 11 (34) | 16 (43) | .16 | 5 (63) | 8 (36) | 11 (41) | .44 |
| By age 6 mo | 15 (19) | 2 (17) | 5 (16) | 8 (22) | .86 | 1 (13) | 3 (14) | 7 (26) | .59 |
| By age 3 y | 69 (85) | 11 (92) | 29 (91) | 29 (78) | .36 | 7 (87) | 21 (95) | 20 (74) | .10 |
| Pet dog in home, n (%) | |||||||||
| In first 6 mo of life | 22 (28) | 3 (33) | 6 (19) | 13 (36) | .31 | 2 (25) | 3 (14) | 10 (37) | .19 |
| Between age 6 and 36 mo | 32 (41) | 3 (33) | 13 (43) | 16 (43) | .52 | 2 (25) | 10 (50) | 11 (41) | .53 |
| Pet cat in home, n (%) | |||||||||
| In first 6 mo of life | 11 (14) | 2 (17) | 4 (13) | 5 (14) | .91 | 1 (13) | 2 (9) | 4 (15) | .86 |
| Between age 6 and 36 mo | 20 (25) | 6 (50) | 5 (17) | 9 (24) | .10 | 3 (38) | 2 (10) | 6 (22) | .22 |
| Daycare by age 3 y, n (%) | 43 (53) | 7 (58) | 15 (47) | 21 (57) | .72 | 4 (50) | 10 (45) | 14 (52) | .93 |
| Age at stool sample collection (mo), mean ± SD | 4.6 ± 1.1 | 5.0 ± 1.0 | 5.0 ± 1.0 | 4.1 ± 1.0 | <.01 | 5.0 ± 1.0 | 5.1 ± 1.0 | 4.2 ± 1.1 | .02 |
| Diet at stool sample collection, n (%) | |||||||||
| Breast-feeding | 34 (42) | 6 (50) | 13 (41) | 15 (41) | .91 | 4 (50) | 7 (32) | 12 (44) | .57 |
| Formula | 50 (62) | 7 (58) | 20 (63) | 23 (62) | 1 | 4 (50) | 16 (73) | 17 (63) | .51 |
| Solid foods | 33 (41) | 6 (50) | 19 (61) | 8 (22) | <.01 | 4 (50) | 12 (57) | 7 (26) | .07 |
| Asthma/recurrent wheeze by age 3 y, n (%) | 25 (31) | 8 (67) | 9 (28) | 8 (22) | .02 | 6 (75) | 7 (32) | 4 (15) | <.01 |
| VDAART treatment group, n (%) | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| 4400 IU/d vitamin D | 41 (51) | 6 (50) | 16 (50) | 19 (51) | 4 (50) | 11 (50) | 13 (48) | ||
| 400 IU/d vitamin D | 40 (49) | 6 (50) | 16 (50) | 18 (49) | 4 (50) | 11 (50) | 14 (52) | ||
| Study center, n (%) | .27 | .71 | |||||||
| Boston | 23 (28) | 4 (33) | 8 (25) | 11 (30) | 1 (13) | 2 (9) | 7 (26) | ||
| St Louis | 42 (52) | 7 (58) | 20 (63) | 15 (41) | 3 (38) | 7 (32) | 9 (33) | ||
| San Diego | 16 (20) | 1 (8) | 4 (13) | 11 (30) | 4 (50) | 13 (59) | 11 (41) | ||
| Maternal education, n (%) | .92 | .74 | |||||||
| Less than high school | 10 (12) | 1 (8) | 3 (9) | 6 (16) | 0 (0) | 3 (14) | 4 (15) | ||
| High school or technical school | 26 (32) | 5 (42) | 11 (34) | 10 (27) | 4 (50) | 8 (36) | 6 (22) | ||
| Some college | 10 (12) | 2 (17) | 4 (13) | 4 (11) | 1 (13) | 3 (14) | 3 (11) | ||
| College graduate or graduate school | 35 (43) | 4 (33) | 14 (44) | 17 (46) | 3 (38) | 8 (36) | 14 (52) | ||
| Household income (US $), n (%) | .57 | .55 | |||||||
| <30,000 | 29 (36) | 6 (50) | 12 (38) | 11 (30) | 5 (63) | 8 (36) | 8 (30) | ||
| 30,000–49,999 | 11 (14) | 1 (8) | 5 (16) | 5 (14) | 0 (0) | 4 (18) | 4 (15) | ||
| 50,000–74,999 | 9 (11) | 1 (8) | 3 (9) | 5 (14) | 1 (13) | 3 (14) | 4 (15) | ||
| 75,000–99,999 | 8 (10) | 1 (8) | 1 (3) | 6 (16) | 1 (13) | 0 (0) | 4 (15) | ||
| 100,000–149,999 | 10 (12) | 2 (17) | 2 (6) | 6 (16) | 1 (13) | 1 (5) | 4 (15) | ||
| At least 150,000 | 5 (6) | 0 (0) | 4 (13) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 2 (9) | 1 (4) | ||
| Refused to say or unknown | 9 (11) | 1 (8) | 5 (16) | 3 (8) | 0 (0) | 4 (18) | 2 (7) | ||
P value is for Kruskal-Wallis test for comparisons of gestational age, birth order, and age at stool sample collection. P value is for Fisher exact test for all other comparisons. Missing data: breast-feeding status for 1 subject, solid foods status for 1 subject, pet cat or dog in first 6 mo for 1 subject, and pet cat or dog between age 6 and 36 mo for 2 subjects. VDAART, Vitamin D Antenatal Asthma Reduction Trial.