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Baltsavias’s classification (2015)
| LVR no (benign) | LVR yes (aggressive) | LVR | LVR | LVR | LVR | LVR | LVR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nD | nD | D | nD | nD | D | ||
| nE | E | E | nE | E | E | ||
| nS | nS | nS | S | S | S | ||
| BVS | BVS | BVS | |||||
| DSS | DSS | DSS | DSS | DSS | DSS | ||
| EVS | EVS | EVS | EVS | EVS | EVS |
Clinical aggressiveness increases from left to right.
LVR, leptomeningeal venous reflux; nD, non-direct; nE, non-exclusive; nS, without venous strain; E, exclusive; D, direct; S, with venous strain; BVS, bridging vein shunt; DSS, dural sinus shunt; EVS, emissary/epidural venous shunt.
