Table 2. Characteristics in propensity score-matched DOAC vs warfarin users and DOAC vs DOAC.
| Apixaban | Warfarin | Dabigatran | Warfarin | Rivaroxaban | Warfarin | Apixaban | Dabigatran | Apixaban | Rivaroxaban | Dabigatran | Rivaroxaban | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean/% | Mean/% | Mean/% | Mean/% | Mean/% | Mean/% | Mean/% | Mean/% | Mean/% | Mean/% | Mean/% | Mean/% | |
| Sample Size | 10,570 | 10,570 | 4,297 | 4,297 | 15,712 | 15,712 | 4,263 | 4,263 | 10,477 | 10,477 | 4,297 | 4,297 |
| Age* | 80.44 | 80.42 | 78.7 | 78.95 | 79.34 | 79.36 | 78.65 | 78.76 | 80.36 | 80.31 | 78.7 | 78.83 |
| 65–74 | 25.92% | 26.29% | 33.58% | 32.19% | 30.64% | 30.61% | 34.15% | 33.26% | 26.20% | 26.33% | 33.58% | 33.23% |
| 75–79 | 19.53% | 19.27% | 21.32% | 20.62% | 21.44% | 21.49% | 20.99% | 21.35% | 19.77% | 19.73% | 21.32% | 21.13% |
| ≥80 | 54.55% | 54.44% | 45.10% | 47.20% | 47.93% | 47.89% | 44.85% | 45.39% | 54.03% | 53.94% | 45.10% | 45.64% |
| Sex* | ||||||||||||
| Male | 46.25% | 46.20% | 49.15% | 48.43% | 47.22% | 46.99% | 48.28% | 49.05% | 46.16% | 46.06% | 49.15% | 48.41% |
| Female | 53.75% | 53.80% | 50.85% | 51.57% | 52.78% | 53.01% | 51.72% | 50.95% | 53.84% | 53.94% | 50.85% | 51.59% |
| Race* | ||||||||||||
| White | 89.52% | 89.61% | 87.90% | 88.13% | 88.48% | 88.42% | 87.66% | 87.99% | 89.46% | 89.32% | 87.90% | 87.46% |
| Black | 5.72% | 5.74% | 6.47% | 6.61% | 6.14% | 6.38% | 6.43% | 6.50% | 5.73% | 5.62% | 6.47% | 6.68% |
| Hispanic | 1.44% | 1.39% | 1.72% | 1.44% | 2.01% | 1.92% | 1.69% | 1.67% | 1.45% | 1.61% | 1.72% | 2.07% |
| Other/Unknown | 3.32% | 3.25% | 3.91% | 3.82% | 3.37% | 3.28% | 4.22% | 3.85% | 3.36% | 3.45% | 3.91% | 3.79% |
| US Geographic Region* | ||||||||||||
| Northeast | 17.64% | 17.73% | 19.29% | 19.22% | 17.59% | 17.72% | 19.14% | 19.26% | 17.60% | 17.66% | 19.29% | 17.45% |
| Midwest | 21.94% | 22.95% | 22.39% | 24.41% | 22.96% | 23.84% | 23.01% | 22.50% | 21.93% | 21.98% | 22.39% | 22.99% |
| South | 45.23% | 43.94% | 39.96% | 38.45% | 42.11% | 41.53% | 39.43% | 40.21% | 45.21% | 44.73% | 39.96% | 40.70% |
| West | 15.11% | 15.28% | 18.20% | 17.76% | 17.18% | 16.75% | 18.25% | 17.92% | 15.18% | 15.55% | 18.20% | 18.76% |
| Unknown | 0.08% | 0.10% | 0.16% | 0.16% | 0.17% | 0.17% | 0.16% | 0.12% | 0.08% | 0.09% | 0.16% | 0.09% |
| Proxy for Socioeconomic Status* | ||||||||||||
| Low | 24.40% | 24.50% | 25.67% | 24.58% | 25.45% | 25.32% | 25.69% | 25.64% | 24.42% | 24.49% | 25.67% | 25.60% |
| Mid | 27.20% | 27.09% | 28.35% | 28.97% | 27.13% | 27.60% | 27.38% | 28.24% | 27.20% | 27.07% | 28.35% | 28.37% |
| High | 45.52% | 45.61% | 42.82% | 43.22% | 44.21% | 43.78% | 44.05% | 43.02% | 45.49% | 45.55% | 42.82% | 42.68% |
| Missing | 2.89% | 2.80% | 3.16% | 3.23% | 3.21% | 3.30% | 2.89% | 3.10% | 2.89% | 2.89% | 3.16% | 3.35% |
| Medicaid dual-eligibility* | 20.08% | 20.51% | 24.48% | 23.43% | 24.06% | 23.82% | 24.98% | 24.09% | 20.28% | 20.68% | 24.48% | 24.16% |
| Part D Low-income subsidy* | 31.74% | 31.80% | 37.26% | 36.68% | 34.70% | 34.43% | 37.77% | 36.95% | 31.88% | 32.18% | 37.26% | 36.21% |
| Baseline Comorbidity | ||||||||||||
| Deyo-Charlson Comorbidity Index Score* | 5.72 | 5.73 | 5.24 | 5.38 | 5.50 | 5.50 | 5.22 | 5.26 | 5.70 | 5.68 | 5.24 | 5.34 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc Score | 5.39 | 5.39 | 5.19 | 5.21 | 5.29 | 5.29 | 5.17 | 5.20 | 5.38 | 5.38 | 5.19 | 5.21 |
| HAS-BLED Scorea | 3.74 | 3.72 | 3.50 | 3.51 | 3.60 | 3.60 | 3.49 | 3.50 | 3.73 | 3.71 | 3.50 | 3.54 |
| Bleeding History* | 28.53% | 28.45% | 25.79% | 26.44% | 28.46% | 28.42% | 25.03% | 25.94% | 28.50% | 28.20% | 25.79% | 26.69% |
| Diabetes Mellitus* | 47.86% | 47.92% | 48.08% | 48.57% | 48.22% | 47.93% | 47.64% | 47.99% | 47.75% | 48.00% | 48.08% | 48.50% |
| Hypertension* | 96.13% | 95.69% | 94.32% | 94.41% | 95.26% | 95.36% | 94.18% | 94.49% | 96.11% | 96.07% | 94.32% | 94.72% |
| Liver Disease* | 6.81% | 6.83% | 5.96% | 5.70% | 6.47% | 6.35% | 6.03% | 5.98% | 6.77% | 6.84% | 5.96% | 5.91% |
| Renal Disease* | 43.63% | 43.83% | 35.51% | 37.84% | 37.32% | 37.83% | 34.83% | 35.77% | 42.85% | 42.25% | 35.51% | 36.44% |
| Myocardial Infarction* | 15.77% | 16.23% | 14.24% | 14.71% | 16.07% | 15.88% | 13.86% | 14.29% | 15.75% | 15.74% | 14.24% | 15.45% |
| Dyspepsia or Stomach Discomfort* | 29.70% | 29.07% | 26.37% | 26.46% | 28.19% | 28.07% | 25.69% | 26.53% | 29.70% | 29.45% | 26.37% | 26.67% |
| Peripheral vascular disease* | 77.59% | 77.76% | 72.61% | 73.56% | 75.67% | 76.08% | 72.62% | 72.88% | 77.48% | 77.42% | 72.61% | 74.40% |
| Prior Stroke/SE* | 18.79% | 18.82% | 16.15% | 16.41% | 17.39% | 17.43% | 16.33% | 16.26% | 18.49% | 18.59% | 16.15% | 16.27% |
| Transient Ischemic attack* | 10.32% | 10.34% | 8.40% | 8.87% | 9.35% | 9.34% | 8.12% | 8.47% | 10.21% | 10.18% | 8.40% | 8.40% |
| Anemia and Coagulation Defects* | 48.52% | 48.35% | 43.82% | 45.01% | 45.39% | 45.52% | 42.86% | 43.98% | 48.14% | 47.96% | 43.82% | 43.98% |
| Alcoholism* | 0.25% | 0.28% | 0.40% | 0.37% | 0.33% | 0.35% | 0.38% | 0.35% | 0.25% | 0.26% | 0.40% | 0.35% |
| Peripheral Artery disease | 34.74% | 36.12% | 31.32% | 32.51% | 33.83% | 35.27% | 31.22% | 31.41% | 34.61% | 34.49% | 31.32% | 33.16% |
| Coronary Artery disease | 70.59% | 70.00% | 65.72% | 66.21% | 68.01% | 68.45% | 65.82% | 65.99% | 70.55% | 69.61% | 65.72% | 67.09% |
| Kidney Failure | 3.92% | 7.48% | 2.47% | 6.49% | 2.25% | 6.59% | 3.28% | 2.49% | 3.87% | 2.41% | 2.47% | 1.91% |
| Baseline Medication Use | ||||||||||||
| ACEi/ARB* | 65.66% | 65.15% | 67.91% | 66.63% | 67.24% | 66.78% | 67.82% | 68.00% | 66.00% | 66.07% | 67.91% | 68.37% |
| Amiodarone* | 19.79% | 19.56% | 18.01% | 16.85% | 17.62% | 17.63% | 18.18% | 18.11% | 19.78% | 19.58% | 18.01% | 18.43% |
| Digoxin* | 19.21% | 19.33% | 21.76% | 20.64% | 20.57% | 20.30% | 21.86% | 21.67% | 19.24% | 19.37% | 21.76% | 21.15% |
| Diuretics* | 77.35% | 77.00% | 77.36% | 77.08% | 75.77% | 75.87% | 77.06% | 77.41% | 77.29% | 76.89% | 77.36% | 77.22% |
| Beta blockers* | 59.56% | 59.80% | 57.11% | 57.39% | 59.08% | 58.89% | 57.26% | 57.17% | 59.62% | 59.14% | 57.11% | 56.92% |
| Calcium Channel Blockers* | 44.64% | 44.12% | 45.19% | 44.45% | 44.88% | 44.66% | 45.27% | 45.09% | 44.79% | 44.37% | 45.19% | 44.71% |
| H2-receptor Blockers* | 10.33% | 10.20% | 9.66% | 9.31% | 9.93% | 10.01% | 9.88% | 9.64% | 10.28% | 10.19% | 9.66% | 9.70% |
| Proton Pump Inhibitors* | 41.52% | 40.77% | 37.96% | 38.03% | 39.70% | 39.48% | 37.63% | 38.17% | 41.53% | 41.37% | 37.96% | 39.19% |
| Statins* | 65.71% | 65.54% | 60.46% | 61.28% | 62.96% | 62.99% | 60.36% | 60.73% | 65.48% | 65.64% | 60.46% | 62.35% |
| Anti-platelets* | 26.36% | 25.83% | 20.64% | 19.69% | 24.11% | 23.69% | 20.76% | 20.78% | 26.40% | 26.03% | 20.64% | 22.92% |
| NSAIDs* | 23.25% | 23.13% | 24.18% | 22.39% | 25.17% | 24.71% | 24.14% | 24.02% | 23.71% | 23.79% | 24.18% | 25.13% |
| All-Cause Inpatient Admissions* | 63.75% | 64.16% | 62.23% | 62.93% | 67.10% | 67.25% | 62.77% | 62.21% | 64.03% | 64.13% | 62.23% | 64.11% |
| Index Dose b,c,d | ||||||||||||
| Lower Dose | 41.56% | 32.14% | 45.18% | 35.02% | 32.25% | 41.17% | 48.59% | 32.14% | 43.77% | |||
| Standard Dose | 58.51% | 67.93% | 55.09% | 65.07% | 67.82% | 58.90% | 51.67% | 67.93% | 56.36% |
ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin-receptor blockers; CAD: coronary artery disease; CHA2DS2-VASc: congestive heart failure, hypertension, aged ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, prior stroke or transient ischemic attack or thromboembolism, vascular disease, aged 65–74 years, sex category; HAS-BLED: hypertension, abnormal renal and liver function, stroke, bleeding, labile international normalized ratios, elderly, drugs and alcohol; NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PAD: peripheral artery disease; SD: standard deviation; SE: systemic embolism
a As the international normalized ratio value was not available in the data, a modified HAS-BLED score was calculated with a range of 0 to 8.
b Lower dose: 2.5mg apixaban, 75mg dabigatran, 10mg or 15mg rivaroxaban. 1,375 (8.8%) of rivaroxaban-warfarin patients received 10 mg rivaroxaban; 950 (9.1%) and 349 (8.1%) received 10mg rivaroxaban in the apixaban-rivaroxaban and dabigatran-rivaroxaban cohorts
c Standard dose: 5mg apixaban, 150mg dabigatran, 20mg rivaroxaban; After PSM, baseline characteristics were balanced between cohorts.
d A few patients had both standard and lower doses on the index date.
*Covariates included in the propensity score matching