Figure 4.

Manual behavior analysis results illustrating the frequency (Freq) of grooming errors (in 3 min) at each time point in tattooed mice (black bars) or those undergoing restraint (white bars) followed by ear tagging (hatched bar). Greater abnormality of grooming microstructure (indicating greater anxiety) was detected in tattooed mice lasting at least 24 h (P < 0.001). In addition, anxiety was indicated after ear tagging, and although its effect was no worse than after restraint, it was less than after tattooing (P = 0.001). PA, postacclimation; PP, postprocedure; Tag, after ear tagging.