Table 1.
Sociodemographics, MEIM-R subscales, HSCL-25 subscales, and Health Behaviors for the Total Sample and across Ethnic Groups
| Total Sample (N = 310) M (SD) )/ n (%) |
Monoracial non-Hispanic Whites (n = 145) M (SD) )/ n (%) |
Monoracial Ethnic minorities (n = 103) M (SD) )/ n (%) |
Mixed-race (n = 62) M (SD) )/ n (%) |
p- valuec |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 18.82 (1.14) | 18.79 (1.04) | 18.85 (1.22) | 18.84 (1.22) | .92 |
| Gender | .55 | ||||
| Female | 223 (71.9%) | 100 (69.0%) | 77 (74.8%) | 46 (74.2%) | |
|
Male |
87 (28.1%) |
45 (31.0%) |
26 (25.2%) |
16 (25.8%) |
|
| Self-reported Ethnic Identity |
< .01 | ||||
| Caucasian |
159 (51.3%) |
145 (100%) |
14 (22.6%) |
||
|
Hispanic or Latino |
63 (20.3%) |
49 (47.6%) |
14 (22.6%) |
||
|
Asian |
49 (15.8%) |
42 (40.8%) |
7 (11.3%) |
||
|
Black/African American |
13 (4.2%) |
9 (8.7%) |
4 (6.5%) |
||
|
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander |
6 (1.9%) |
3 (2.9%) |
3 (4.8%) |
||
|
American Indian or Alaska Native |
3 (1.0% |
3 (4.8%) |
|||
|
Other |
17 (5.5%) |
17 (27.4%) |
|||
| Generational Status (1st generation) |
25 (8.1%) | 7 (4.8%) | 15 (14.6%) | 3 (4.8%) | .01 |
| Ethnic Identity Classifications |
< .01 | ||||
| Diffusion | 103 (33.2%) | 54 (37.2%) | 16 (15.5%) | 22 (35.3%) | |
|
Foreclosure |
83 (26.8%) |
44 (30.3%) |
25 (24.3%) |
14 (22.6%) |
|
|
Moratorium |
12 (3.9%) |
2 (1.4%) |
4 (3.9%) |
6 (9.7%) |
|
|
Identity Achievement |
115 (37.1%) |
40 (27.6%) |
56 (54.4%) |
19 (30.6%) |
|
|
Missing |
8 (2.6%) |
5 (3.4%) |
2 (1.9%) |
1 (1.6%) |
|
| MEIM-R: Exploration |
8.89 (2.45); range: 3 – 15 |
8.18 (2.39) | 9.70 (2.26) | 9.20 (2.42) | < .01 |
| Cronbach’s Alphab |
.71 | .52 | .56 | ||
|
MEIM-R: Commitment |
10.46 (2.79); range: 3 – 15 |
10.00 (2.84) |
11.31 (2.42) |
10.10 (2.94) |
< .01 |
| Cronbach’s Alpha |
.82 | .91 | .88 | ||
| HSCL-25 Anxiety |
1.59 (.48); range: 0 – 4 |
1.58 (.46) | 1.58 (.46) | 1.66 (.56) | .38 |
| Cronbach’s Alpha |
.86 | .86 | .89 | ||
| HSCL-25 Depression |
1.75 (.50); range: 0 – 4 |
1.72 (.50) | 1.76 (.51) | 1.77 (.50) | .76 |
| Cronbach’s Alpha |
.91 | .90 | .89 | ||
| Alcohol (binge drinking in the past year) |
100 (69.0%) | 47 (45.6%) | 40 (64.5%) | <. 01 | |
| Exercise (75 minutes or more per week in vigoruous activity) |
86 (59.3%) | 43 (41.7%) | 37 (59.7%) | .02 | |
| Diet (3 or more fast food meals in the past week) |
54 (37.2%) | 51 (49.5%) | 21 (33.9%) | .04 | |
Notes. M = mean, SD = standard deviation. MEIM-R = Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure-Revised. HSCL-25 = Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25.
Responses were recoded so that −2 indicated Strongly Disagree and 2 indicated Strongly Agree. Positive scores indicated engaging in exploration and reporting commitment to one’s race/ethnicity. Based on this recoding, participants were classified into one of four categories: diffusion (negative Exploration/Commitment scores), foreclosure (negative Exploration and positive Commitment scores), moratorium (positive Exploration and negative Commitment scores), and identity achievement (positive Exploration/Commitment scores).
The low alpha values may be a result of the limited number of items on each subscale.
MANOVA and Chi-square tests of differences were used to assess group differences in means and categorization, respectively.