Comparison 5. Cognitive training vs control immediately post intervention ‐ risk of bias.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Change in a global measure of cognition	20	1288	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.65 [0.26, 1.05]
1.1 Lower risk	14	1010	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.79 [0.28, 1.30]
1.2 Higher risk	6	278	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.30 [‐0.26, 0.87]
2 Change in a global measure of cognition_zero correlation	20	1287	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.27 [0.04, 0.50]
2.1 Lower risk	14	1009	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.03, 0.63]
2.2 Higher risk	6	278	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.07 [‐0.20, 0.34]
3 Change in a global measure of cognition (composite)	26	1389	Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)	0.42 [0.23, 0.61]
3.1 Lower risk	19	1034	Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)	0.46 [0.19, 0.72]
3.2 Higher risk	7	355	Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.12, 0.55]
4 Change in a global measure of cognition (composite)_zero correlation	26	1390	Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)	0.24 [0.12, 0.36]
4.1 Lower risk	19	1035	Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)	0.23 [0.08, 0.38]
4.2 Higher risk	7	355	Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)	0.28 [0.07, 0.49]
5 Change in immediate memory	17	762	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.74 [0.37, 1.12]
5.1 Lower risk	13	542	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.95 [0.46, 1.44]
5.2 Higher risk	5	220	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.06, 0.60]
6 Change in delayed memory	11	543	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.81 [0.29, 1.32]
6.1 Lower risk	8	413	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.87 [0.16, 1.59]
6.2 Higher risk	3	130	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.56 [0.21, 0.92]
7 Change in attention and working memory	12	551	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.56 [0.08, 1.05]
7.1 Lower risk	9	394	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.57 [‐0.03, 1.17]
7.2 Higher risk	3	157	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.56 [‐0.57, 1.69]
8 Change in language (naming)	5	311	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.62 [0.11, 1.12]
9 Change in verbal letter fluency	12	544	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.22 [‐0.07, 0.50]
10 Change in speed of information processing	6	201	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.22 [‐0.11, 0.54]
11 Change in executive function	11	511	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.75 [0.28, 1.22]
12 Change in verbal category fluency	9	475	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.52 [0.23, 0.81]
12.1 Lower risk	6	318	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.49 [0.06, 0.93]
12.2 Higher risk	3	157	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.48 [0.16, 0.80]
13 Change in meta cognition (self‐reported)	2	41	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.12 [‐0.87, 1.12]
14 Change in meta cognition (informant‐reported)	2	56	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.65 [‐1.19, ‐0.10]
15 Change in participants' mood	8	576	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.72 [‐0.10, 1.54]
16 Change in capacity for activities of daily living	10	705	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.12 [‐0.10, 0.34]
16.1 Lower risk	7	516	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.09 [‐0.19, 0.37]
16.2 Higher risk	3	189	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.18 [‐0.21, 0.58]
17 Change in general health and quality of life	4	542	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.42, 0.41]
18 Change in behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD)	6	493	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.44 [‐0.34, 1.22]
19 Change in disease progression	5	215	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.07 [0.59, 1.55]
20 Change in burden of care (CAREGIVER)	2	405	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.11 [‐0.36, 0.15]
21 Change in quality of life (CAREGIVER)	1	36	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.16 [‐0.50, 0.83]
22 Change in mood and well‐being (CAREGIVER)	1	36	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.98 [0.27, 1.68]
23 Participant burden (retention rates)	17	1282	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.73 [0.37, 1.43]
24 Change in general health and quality of life	5	630	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.04 [‐0.38, 0.29]