Comparison 7. Cognitive training vs control immediately post intervention ‐ intervention duration.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Change in a global measure of cognition	20	1288	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.65 [0.26, 1.05]
1.1 Up to 3 months	14	682	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.49 [0.09, 0.89]
1.2 More than 3 months	6	606	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.03 [0.04, 2.02]
2 Change in a global measure of cognition_zero correlation	20	1287	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.27 [0.04, 0.50]
2.1 Up to 3 months	14	682	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.15 [‐0.08, 0.38]
2.2 More than 3 months	6	605	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.51 [‐0.04, 1.05]
3 Change in a global measure of cognition (composite)	26	1389	Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)	0.42 [0.23, 0.61]
3.1 Up to 3 months	20	790	Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)	0.38 [0.18, 0.58]
3.2 More than 3 months	6	599	Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)	0.54 [0.07, 1.01]
4 Change in a global measure of cognition (composite)_zero correlation	26	1390	Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)	0.24 [0.12, 0.36]
4.1 Up to 3 months	20	790	Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)	0.28 [0.14, 0.42]
4.2 More than 3 months	6	600	Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)	0.21 [‐0.03, 0.46]
5 Change in immediate memory	17	762	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.74 [0.37, 1.12]
5.1 Up to 3 months	14	565	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.75 [0.29, 1.21]
5.2 More than 3 months	3	197	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.76 [0.26, 1.26]
6 Change in delayed memory	11	543	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.81 [0.29, 1.32]
7 Change in attention and working memory	12	551	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.56 [0.08, 1.05]
8 Change in language (naming)	5	311	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.62 [0.11, 1.12]
9 Change in verbal letter fluency	12	544	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.22 [‐0.07, 0.50]
9.1 Up to 3 months	9	350	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.03 [‐0.23, 0.28]
9.2 More than 3 months	3	194	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.66 [‐0.05, 1.38]
10 Change in speed of information processing	6	201	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.22 [‐0.11, 0.54]
11 Change in executive function	11	511	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.75 [0.28, 1.22]
12 Change in verbal category fluency	9	475	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.52 [0.23, 0.81]
13 Change in meta cognition (self‐reported)	2	41	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.12 [‐0.87, 1.12]
14 Change in meta cognition (informant‐reported)	2	56	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.65 [‐1.19, ‐0.10]
15 Change in participants' mood	8	576	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.72 [‐0.10, 1.54]
16 Change in capacity for activities of daily living	10	705	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.12 [‐0.10, 0.34]
17 Change in disease progression	5	215	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.07 [0.59, 1.55]
18 Change in behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD)	6	493	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.44 [‐0.34, 1.22]
18.1 Up to 3 months	3	92	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.66 [‐1.70, 3.02]
18.2 More than 3 months	3	401	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.12 [‐0.29, 0.53]
19 Participant burden (retention rates)	17	1282	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.73 [0.37, 1.43]
19.1 Up to 3 months	14	761	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.78 [0.35, 1.73]
19.2 More than 3 months	3	521	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.24 [0.02, 2.57]
20 Change in burden of care (CAREGIVER)	2	405	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.11 [‐0.36, 0.15]
21 Change in quality of life (CAREGIVER)	1	36	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.16 [‐0.50, 0.83]
22 Change in mood and well‐being (CAREGIVER)	1	36	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.98 [0.27, 1.68]
23 Change in general health and quality of life	5	630	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.04 [‐0.38, 0.29]