Comparison 9. Cognitive training vs control immediately post intervention ‐ type of CT (multi‐domain vs single domain).

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Change in a global measure of cognition	20	1288	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.65 [0.26, 1.05]
1.1 Multidomain	16	1165	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.63 [0.19, 1.07]
1.2 Single domain	4	123	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.75 [‐0.14, 1.63]
2 Change in a global measure of cognition_zero correlation	20	1287	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.27 [0.04, 0.50]
2.1 Multidomain	16	1164	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.25 [‐0.01, 0.52]
2.2 Single domain	4	123	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.37 [‐0.04, 0.79]
3 Change in a global measure of cognition (composite)	26	1389	Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)	0.42 [0.23, 0.61]
3.1 Multidomain	16	990	Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)	0.44 [0.18, 0.71]
3.2 Single domain	10	399	Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)	0.35 [0.10, 0.59]
4 Change in a global measure of cognition (composite)_zero correlation	26	1390	Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)	0.24 [0.12, 0.36]
4.1 Multidomain	16	991	Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)	0.27 [0.10, 0.44]
4.2 Single domain	10	399	Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)	0.23 [0.04, 0.43]
5 Change in immediate memory	17	762	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.74 [0.37, 1.12]
5.1 Multidomain	10	540	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.80 [0.24, 1.35]
5.2 Single domain	7	222	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.58 [0.22, 0.94]
6 Change in delayed memory	11	543	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.81 [0.29, 1.32]
6.1 Multidomain	6	369	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.15 [0.32, 1.97]
6.2 Single domain	5	174	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.41 [‐0.11, 0.94]
7 Change in attention and working memory	12	551	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.56 [0.08, 1.05]
7.1 Multidomain	8	411	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.50 [‐0.14, 1.15]
7.2 Single domain	4	140	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.68 [‐0.14, 1.49]
8 Change in language (naming)	5	311	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.62 [0.11, 1.12]
9 Change in verbal letter fluency	12	544	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.22 [‐0.07, 0.50]
9.1 Multidomain	8	406	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.37 [‐0.04, 0.78]
9.2 Single domain	4	138	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.04 [‐0.37, 0.30]
10 Change in speed of information processing	6	201	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.22 [‐0.11, 0.54]
11 Change in executive function	11	511	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.75 [0.28, 1.22]
11.1 Multidomain	8	408	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.99 [0.44, 1.55]
11.2 Single domain	3	103	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.08 [‐0.53, 0.68]
12 Change in verbal category fluency	9	475	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.52 [0.23, 0.81]
12.1 Multidomain	6	371	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.70 [0.38, 1.02]
12.2 Single domain	3	104	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.14 [‐0.25, 0.52]
13 Change in meta cognition (self‐reported)	2	41	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.12 [‐0.87, 1.12]
14 Change in meta cognition (informant‐reported)	2	56	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.65 [‐1.19, ‐0.10]
15 Change in participants' mood	8	576	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.72 [‐0.10, 1.54]
16 Change in capacity for activities of daily living	10	705	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.12 [‐0.10, 0.34]
17 Change in disease progression	5	215	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.07 [0.59, 1.55]
18 Change in behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD)	6	493	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.44 [‐0.34, 1.22]
19 Participant burden (retention rates)	17	1282	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.73 [0.37, 1.43]
19.1 Multidomain	12	988	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.61 [0.21, 1.81]
19.2 Single domain	5	294	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.66 [0.24, 1.77]
20 Change in burden of care (CAREGIVER)	2	405	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.11 [‐0.36, 0.15]
21 Change in quality of life (CAREGIVER)	1	36	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.16 [‐0.50, 0.83]
22 Change in mood and well‐being (CAREGIVER)	1	36	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.98 [0.27, 1.68]
23 Change in general health and quality of life	5	630	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.04 [‐0.38, 0.29]