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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Acad Nutr Diet. 2019 Jan 17;119(4):659–671. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2018.11.005

Table 5:

Pre- vs. post-intervention serum cytokine and carotenoid biomarkers in head and neck cancer survivors at a southeastern, Comprehensive

Control Group Experimental Group
Baseline Post-intervention Baseline Post-intervention
Cytokine
μg/mL		 Mean (SD) Mean (SD) MPDa Mean (SD) Mean (SD) MPDa Between-group Difference of MPD p-valueb Cohen’s d (effect size)
C-reactive protein (CRP)c 3.76 (2.03) 3.58 (2.08) −0.18 4.83 (6.24) 3.78 (3.93) −1.37 −1.19 0.88 −0.31
Interferon-Y (IFN-γ)c 9.20(5.41) 8.85 (4.93) −0.35 8.24 (5.69) 10.48 (9.70) 2.08 2.43 0.83 0.38
lnterleukin-1(3 (IL-1β)c 0.04 (0.02) 0.06 (0.04) 0.02 0.03 (0.02) 0.03 (0.02) 0.00 −0.02 0.78 −0.46
lnterleukin-6 (IL-6)c 1.05 (0.61) 1.26 (1.14) 0.21 0.79 (0.51) 0.76 (0.58) −0.04 −0.25 0.49 −0.40
Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α)c 2.50 (0.60) 2.62 (0.56) 0.13 2.73 (1.08) 2.68 (1.46) −0.08 −0.21 0.20 −0.32
Cartenoids
μg/mL 		Mean (SD) Mean (SD) MPDa Mean (SD) Mean (SD) MPDa Between-group Difference of MPD p-valued Cohen’s d (effect size)
Lycopenee 0.46 (0.23) 0.42 (0.21) −0.03 0.42 (0.20) 0.50 (0.25) 0.08 0.12 0.08 0.77
Luteine 0.14 (0.11) 0.14 (0.08) 0.001 0.09 (0.04) 0.11 (0.05) 0.01 0.01 0.53 0.26
Zeaxanthine 0.03 (0.01) 0.02 (0.01) −0.003 0.02 (0.01) 0.02 (0.01) 0.00 0.003 0.30 0.51
p-carotenee 0.20 (0.20) 0.17 (0.16) −0.02 0.31 (0.40) 0.31 (0.42) −0.01 0.01 0.34 0.13
Cryptoxanthine 0.05 (0.04) 0.06 (0.07) 0.002 0.05 (0.05) 0.05 (0.04) −0.006 −0.008 0.65 −0.20
Xanthophyllse,f 0.22 (0.14) 0.22 (0.15) 0.00 0.16(0.07) 0.17 (0.08) 0.01 0.01 0.52 0.13
Total Carotenoidse,f 0.87 (0.39) 0.81 (0.41) −0.06 0.89 (0.59) 0.98 (0.59) 0.08 0.15 0.13 0.66
a

Denotes ‘mean paired difference’

b

p-value is calculated from Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Exact test since distributions are not normal

c

To convert μg/mL CRP to nmols/L, multiply μg/mL by 43.4308. To convert μg/mL IFN-γ to nmols/L, multiply μg/mL by 51.6849. To convert μg/mL IL-1β to nmols/L, multiply μg/mL by 32.5250. To convert μg/mL IL-6 to nmols/L, multiply μg/mL by 42.1639. To convert TNF-α μg/mL to nmols/L, multiply μg/mL by 38.9960.

d

Two-sample t-test for lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin and total carotenoids; Wilcoxon rank-sum test for β-carotene, cryptoxanthin and xanthophylls

e

To convert μg/mL Lycopene to μmols/L, multiply μg/mL by 1.8626. To convert μg/mL Lutein to μmols/L, multiply μg/mL by 1.7579. To convert μg/mL Zeaxanthin to μmols/L, multiply μg/mL by 1.7577. To convert μg/mL β-carotene to μmols/L, multiply μg/mL by 1.8625. To convert μg/mL Cryptoxanthin to μmols/L, multiply μg/mL by 1.8086. To convert μg/mL Xanthophylls to μmols/L, multiply μg/mL by 1.7741. To convert μg/mL Total Carotenoids to μmols/L, multiply μg/mL by 1.8625.

f

Xanthophylls was determined as the sum of Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and Cryptoxanthin. Total carotenoids was measured and represents the sum of carotenes and lycopene.