6. Characteristics of screening interventions of included studies.
| Study | Theoretical basis | Content of screening (tool) | Interventionist | Screening procedure (frequency) | Conditions needed for implementation |
| Bergholdt 2013 | ‐ | Care needs | Yes nurse |
SI with co‐intervention (1x): results sent to GP, GP encouraged to contact participant | · Interview manual · Interviewers |
| Braeken 2013 | ‐ | Psychosocial problems (SIPP) |
No | Solitary SI (2x): results given to radiotherapist | · Person/system questionnaire management · Training on the SIPP |
| Bramsen 2008 | ‐ | Overall well‐being | Yes psychologist or social worker |
SI with co‐intervention (1x): screening results discussed, summary placed in patient record | · Interviewers |
| de Leeuw 2013 | ‐ | Care needs Psychosocial problems |
Yes nurse |
SI with co‐intervenion (4x): SI part of follow‐up consultations with nurse | · Training for the follow‐up consultations · Training on simple medical checks · Supervision meetings with psychologist |
| Detmar 2002 | ‐ | HRQoL (EORTC) |
No | Solitary SI (3x): physicians and participants received a summary | · Educational sessions on QoL scores · Information pamphlet · Person/system questionnaire management · Assistant available for more information |
| Geerse 2017 | ‐ | Distress (DT&PL) |
No | SI with co‐intervention (min. 4x): discussion of response pattern + referral if necessary | · Person/system questionnaire management · Person for results discussion |
| Giesler 2005 | The proximal‐distal framework | HRQoL | Yes nurse |
SI with co‐intervention (6x): discussion of issues and help/treatment strategies | · Interviewer (monthly) · Computer assessment program · Laptop · Training |
| Given 2004 | Cognitive behavioural model and Bandura’s theory of self‐efficacy | HRQoL | Yes nurse |
SI with co‐intervention (10x): discussion and further direction of care according to computer documentation system | · Computer system with predefined roster of interventions · Training on screening intervention · Interviewer |
| Harrison 2011 | Self‐regulation model of adjustment to illness | Care needs | Yes nurse |
SI with co‐intervention (5x): needs discussion, information and support provision, referral to clinical team members | · Interviewers · Training of interviewers |
| Hilarius 2008 | ‐ | HRQoL (EORTC) |
No | Solitary SI (4x): summary given to participant and nurse | · Person/system for questionnaire management · Education on HRQoL scores · Written materials for participants |
| Hollingworth 2013 | ‐ | Distress (DT&PL) |
Yes nurse or radiographer |
SI with co‐intervention (1x, 2nd possible): results discussion, staff actions/patient actions/referral taken | · Training on DT&PL, role playing, dealing with strong emotions · Source directory with information and guidance for staff |
| Kutner 1999 | ‐ | Care needs | No | Solitary SI (1x): completed forms added to patient's chart | Person/system for questionnaire management |
| Livingston 2010 | ‐ | Biopsychosocial well‐being | Yes nurse |
SI with co‐intervention (4x or 1x): Helpline calls with assessment and support | · A cancer helpline · Interviewers · Training on discussion cancer helpline |
| Maunsell 1996 | ‐ | Distress (GHQ‐20) |
Yes research assistant |
SI with co‐intervention (12x): discussion with social worker and tailored approach | · Interviewer · Social worker that works with patients with high GHQ scores |
| Nimako 2015 | ‐ | HRQoL (EORTC) |
No | Solitary SI (1x): completed questionnaire given to the doctor | · Person/system for questionnaire management · Training on use and interpretation of PROM |
| Rosenbloom 2007 | ‐ | HRQoL (FACT‐G) |
Yes nurse |
SI with co‐intervention (5x): structured interview in case symptoms worse than expected, information shared with treating nurse | · Interviewer |
| Schofield 2013 | ‐ | Care needs (38‐item NAALCP) |
No | SI with co‐intervention (2x): active listening, self‐care education, and communication on unmet needs to the team for management and referral | · Person/system for questionnaire management · Training of health professionals · Consultation materials |
| Taenzer 2000 | ‐ | HRQoL (EORTC) |
No | Solitary SI (1x): report was given to the nurse and physician | · Person/system for questionnaire management · Demonstration on computer program and reading of the report for clinic staff · Volunteer to support completion of the computer EORTC |
| Thewes 2009 | ‐ | Distress (DT) |
No | Solitary SI (1x): information available for staff, staff encouraged to discuss problems and concerns for scores above cut‐off | · Person/system for questionnaire management · Training of staff on screening, instrument, and study |
| van der Meulen 2018 | ‐ | Distress (DT&PL) |
No | SI with co‐intervention (3x or 4x/year): discussion of screening results with nurse, if indicated, basic psychosocial care, minor nursing interventions, or referral to other health care | · Training for nurses |
| Velikova 2004 | ‐ | HRQoL (EORTC) Distress (HADS) |
No | Solitary SI (1x): results given to physicians who were asked to review and use the results | · Person/system for questionnaire management · Training of staff in interpretation of screening scores |
| Waller 2012 | ‐ | Care needs (NAT:PD‐C) |
Yes healthcare professional |
Solitary SI (1x): healthcare professionals use the NAT:PD‐C during consultation and employ resulting insights for discussion and referral | · Palliative care needs assessment guidelines · Training of staff in use of tool · Interviewers for 2‐monthly computer‐assisted telephone interviews |
| Williams 2013 | ‐ | Physical and psychological symptioms (TRSC) |
No | Solitary SI (multiple): clinicians received results prior to consultation | · Person/system for questionnaire management · Training of clinic staff in interpretation of tool results |
| Young 2010 | Self‐regulation model of adjustment to illness | Care needs | Yes nurse |
SI with co‐intervention (5x): nurse provides information, checks understanding, and provides emotional support and advice | · Interviewers · Training for interviewers |
| Young 2013 | Self‐regulation model of adjustment to illness | Care needs | Yes nurse |
SI with co‐intervention (5x): needs discussion, information and support provision, referral to clinical team members | · Training for interviewers · Interviewer for screening calls · Development of detailed, standardised clinical protocols to respond to detected needs |
Abbreviations:
DT: Distress Thermometer DT&PL: Distress Thermometer & Problem List EORTC: European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer FACT‐G: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐General GHQ‐20: General Health Questionnaire 20‐item version GP: general practitioner HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale HRQoL: health‐related quality of life
NAALCP: Needs Assessment for Advanced Lung Cancer Patients NAT:PD‐C: Needs Assessment Tool: Progressive Disease‐Cancer PROM: patient reported outcome measure SI: screening intervention SIPP: Screening Inventory of Psychosocial Problems TRSC: Therapy‐Related Symptom Checklist