Table 2.

Advantages and limitations of extracellular vesicle-based therapy.

Advantages	Limitations
Sanoscale	Biochemical composition of EVs unclear
Naturally lipid and surface protein composition	Production or uptake mechanism yet poorly described
Stable in biological fluids	Good manufacturing practice standards lacking
Low immunogenicity	High scale and efficient production difficult
Cell to cell communicators	Difficult to package through renal barriers
Unidirectional targeting or active targeting by modification	(Pre)clinical evaluation lacking
Suitable for multi-drug delivery
Various drug encapsulation method
Translocation through physical barriers