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Treatment of ruthenium red (RR) or Sper stabilized ROS and ATP homeostasis following traumatic brain injury (TBI). (A) Cellular ROS levels after TBI were repressed by RR (3 mg/kg) or Sper (5 mg/kg) administration. (B) Cellular ATP was resupplied after TBI by RR (3 mg/kg) or Sper (5 mg/kg) administration. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, n = 6 per group; ***P < 0.001 vs sham group; # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, ### P < 0.001 vs TBI + vehicle group
