Figure 5.

Ruthenium red (RR) or Sper treatment suppressed traumatic brain injury (TBI)‐induced neuronal cell death and DNA damage. (A) Nissl staining to visualize the neuronal cell outline and structure. TBI reduced the number of the neurons and treatment of RR (3 mg/kg) or Sper (5 mg/kg) preserved neurons from damage. (B) DNA damage was determined using TUNEL assays 1 day after TBI. The DNA damaged cells were significantly increased after TBI compared to the sham group. RR (3 mg/kg) or Sper (5 mg/kg) treatment significantly decreased the percentage of DNA damaged cells after TBI. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, n = 6 each group; **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs sham group; ^# P < 0.05, ^### P < 0.001 vs TBI + vehicle group. Scale bar: 50 μm