Figure 1.

Adaptation mechanisms in the DPM. A, The DPM assumes that the state of an accumulating execution process at the time a stop cue is registered determines initial state of the braking process, making it more difficult to cancel actions closer to the execution boundary. B, Competition between direct and indirect pathways represented by mutually inhibiting “believer” (green; direct pathway) and “skeptic” (blue; indirect pathway) populations. Circuit-level dynamics of this competition modulate the rate of evidence accumulation leading up to action execution, leading to faster actions when competition is dominated by the “believer.” C, Alternative control mechanisms that could be altered by feedback to adapt future performance. A, Adapted with permission from Dunovan et al. (2015). B, Adapted with permission from Dunovan and Verstynen (2016).