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. 2019 Jan 25;23(4):2568–2582. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.14147

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Intrastriatal injection of 50 ng of recombinant human transforming growth factor‐β1 (rhTGF‐β1) effectively attenuates 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐induced microglia activation and dopaminergic neuronal death. In each of three independent experiments, 12 AQP4+/+ and AQP4−/− mice per group were injected ip four times with MPTP (20 mg/kg) or equal volumes of saline as a control. After the last saline or MPTP injection, 12 mice in each group were randomly divided into two groups (six mice in each group) to receive vehicle, and the other half received a TGF‐β1 intrastriatal injection (1.5 µg/kg), respectively. A, Immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase‐positive cells (TH+) dopaminergic neurons (DNs) in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) from mice. The black circle indicates the TH+ (SNpc) area. B, Quantitation of TH+ neurons in the SNpc (black circle). C, Immunostaining for MAC‐1 microglia are labeled with black arrows (magnification: 200×). D, Quantitation of MAC‐1 microglia in the SN (black circle). Data represent the mean ± SEM for six mice per group and are representative of three independent experiments. *P < 0.01, compared with saline/vehicle‐injected AQP4+/+ mice and saline/TGF‐β1‐injected AQP4+/+ mice; +P < 0.01, compared with saline‐injected AQP4−/− mice and saline/TGF‐β1‐injected AQP4−/− mice; #P < 0.05, compared with MPTP/vehicle‐injected AQP4+/+ mice and MPTP/TGF‐β1‐injected AQP4+/+ mice; %P < 0.05, compared with MPTP/vehicle‐injected AQP4−/− mice and MPTP/TGF‐β1‐injected AQP4−/− mice