Figure 7.

Pre‐treatment with transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) attenuates MPTP‐treated AQP4^−/− mouse brain homogenate‐induced BV‐2 activation. BV‐2 cells were pre‐treated with either TGF‐β1 or anti‐TGF‐β1 for 60 min, followed by the addition of brain homogenates from saline or 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐injected AQP4^−/− or AQP4^+/+ mice for 24 h. A, Cells were stained with anti‐MHCII‐PE, anti‐CD80‐PE or anti‐CD40‐PE. The FACScan profiles of a representative from three experiments are shown. B, Histograms are expressed as the percentage of surface marker positive cells in the total cell population. Representative histograms obtained by flow cytometry analysis. Interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) levels (C) were determined using ELISA. The data are expressed as the mean ± SD, n = 6. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, compared with MPTP‐injected AQP4^−/− mice