Fig. 5.

Electrochemical performance of symmetric Li|Li cells with GO-g-PAM@PP and PP separators. Voltage–time profiles of Li plating/stripping processes with a cycling capacity of (a, b) 1 and (c) 5 mAh cm⁻² at (a) 2, (b) 10, and (c) 20 mA cm⁻² in symmetric Li|Li cells with GO-g-PAM@PP and PP separators. d Comparison of the cycle life of symmetric Li|Li cells with GO-g-PAM@PP separators and that of previously reported Li metal anodes stabilized by various strategies at the same current densities: (I) 2, (II) 5, (III) 10, and (IV) 20 mA cm⁻². All symmetric cells were cycled at a cycling capacity of 1 mAh cm⁻², except that the cycling capacities were 0.4 mAh cm⁻² for ref. ⁵¹ and 2 mAh cm⁻² for ref. ⁵² at 2 mA cm⁻², and 5 mAh cm⁻² for this work at 20 mA cm⁻². e–g Top-view and (h–j) cross-section SEM images of (e, h) a fresh Li metal anode and Li metal anodes assembled with (f, i) PP and (g, j) GO-g-PAM@PP separators after 100 cycles. Scale bars: (e–g) 10 μm and (h–j) 50 μm