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. 2019 Mar 25;9:5112. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41382-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Alexander’s staining and scanning electron microscopy of pollen produced in wild-type and 35S::ADR flowers and cross-pollination of wild-type pollen to 35S::ADR plants. (A,B) Pollen grains with normal viability (arrowed, stained dark purplish red) were observed in both the wild-type (A) and severe 35S::ADR anthers (B). (C,D) Close-up of the egg-shaped wild-type (C) and severe 35S::ADR (D) pollen grains. Colpi (arrowed) and outer exine (ex) with a typical irregular wall structure were observed on the surface of pollen. (E) The 35S::ADR flower that was manually pollinated with wild-type pollen developed well-elongated siliques (arrowed), whereas short siliques (s) developed without manual pollination. (F) Close-up of a well-elongated silique (WT x 35S::ADR) (left) and a short silique (right) from (E). (G) 35S::ADR ovules developed into normal embryos (arrowed) after manual pollination with wild-type (WT x 35S::ADR) pollen grains.