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. 2019 Mar 25;9:5112. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41382-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Model for the function of ADR in regulating anther dehiscence in Arabidopsis. In wild-type Arabidopsis, ADR is highly expressed in anthers during early anther development. The ADR protein is N-myristoylated and targeted to the peroxisomal membrane to further suppress (⊣) the ROS accumulation, impedes lignification and down-regulates genes such as NST1/2 that participate in secondary wall thickening in endothecial cells of the anthers. This causes the inhibition of anther dehiscence during early flower development. During late flower development, a significant decrease in ADR expression causes an increase in ROS accumulation and lignification in the anthers and the up-regulation of NST1/NST2, resulting in anther dehiscence in wild-type flowers. In 35S::ADR plants, the ROS accumulation and lignification are suppressed by the high expression of ADR during all stages of flower development. This suppression prevents anther dehiscence and the release of pollen throughout flower development. The gradient of ADR activity is illustrated by the gradual reduction in the size of the gray bar (▻) during flower maturation.