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. 2019 Mar 25;9:5084. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41587-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Magnetization transfer delineates cell assemblies in the central nervous system of human in vivo. (a) (Top row) (TE4) Coronal in vivo T₁-weighted MRI (TR/TE = 473/4.4 ms, α 70) without magnetization transfer, (TE4 MT) with magnetization transfer, and (TE13 MT) with magnetization transfer and prolonged echo time (TR/TE = 715/13.2 ms). Arrows indicate gray matter structures, i.e., (from top to bottom) the cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus, putamen, and cerebellar cortex. (Bottom row) (TE4 and TE13 MT) Magnified MR images of the hippocampal formation in vivo indicated as dotted rectangles in top row images in comparison with (right) a light microscopic image of the acetylcholine esterase ex vivo⁷ (contrast inverted). Arrows indicate myelinated layers such as the alveus (black arrows) and the stratum lacunosum-moleculare (dotted arrows). In the light microscopic image, the cytoplasm and proximal dendrites of the neurons in the dentate gyrus as well as those in the stratum oriens, pyramidale, and radiatum of the CA1~CA4-prosubiculum are highlighted by the reaction products^7,8. CA1~4 = Subfields 1~4 of the Ammon´s horn, DG = dentate gyrus, mf = mossy fibers, ProS = prosubiculum, Sub = subiculum. (b) (TE4) Axial MRI of the upper cervical spinal cord of a human subject without magnetization transfer, (TE4 MT) with magnetization transfer, and (TE13 MT) with magnetization transfer and prolonged echo time. Predominant saturation of the white matter by magnetization transfer preserves the bright H-shaped cell assemblies.