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. 2019 Mar 25;9:5084. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41587-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Magnetization transfer delineates noradrenergic neuron groups in the brainstem of human and mice in vivo. (a) (Top row) Transversal T₁-weighted MRI (3T, spoiled 2D FLASH, TR/TE = 863/4.4 ms, α 70°, (0.66 mm)² in-plane resolution, 2.5 mm slice thickness, 21 slices, total acquisition = 9 min 11 s) of the locus coeruleus and (bottom row) A2 cell groups of an adult human (left column) without magnetization transfer, (middle column) with magnetization transfer, and (right column) magnetization-transfer ratio map (scale: 34–53%). (b) (Left) Coronal MRI (spoiled 3D FLASH, TR/TE = 30/7.6 ms, flip angle 22°, Δf = 2500 Hz, ω_SAT = 523°/12 ms, 117 µm isotropic resolution) of the locus coeruleus of a 4-week-old female mouse in comparison with (right column) corresponding Nissl-stained sections (adapted from⁵⁰). (c) Coronal MRI sections of the A2 cell groups of a 4-week-old female wild-type mouse.