Table 1.
Characteristics of included digital health professions’ education intervention studies.
| Study characteristics | Type of digital domain | Total (N=242) | ||||
| Online-offline–based education (N=154) | Mobile digital education (N=21) | Digital simulation–based education (N=67) | ||||
| Year of publication, n (%) | ||||||
|
|
2007 | 4 (2.6) | 1 (4.7) | 3 (4.4) | 8 (3.3) | |
|
|
2008 | 10 (6.5) | 1 (4.7) | 5 (7.4) | 16 (6.6) | |
|
|
2009 | 10 (6.5) | 1 (4.7) | 4 (5.9) | 15 (6.2) | |
|
|
2010 | 16 (10.4) | 2 (9.5) | 6 (8.9) | 24 (9.9) | |
|
|
2011 | 17 (11) | 1 (4.7) | 6 (8.9) | 24 (9.9) | |
|
|
2012 | 25 (16.2) | 0 (0) | 12 (17.9) | 37 (15.2) | |
|
|
2013 | 16 (10.3) | 4 (19) | 7 (10.4) | 27 (11.1) | |
|
|
2014 | 21 (13.6) | 3 (14.2) | 9 (13.4) | 33 (13.6) | |
|
|
2015 | 22 (14.2) | 4 (19) | 10 (14.9) | 36 (14.8) | |
|
|
2016 | 13 (8.4) | 4 (19) | 5 (7.4) | 22 (9) | |
| Type of population, n (%) | ||||||
|
|
Undergraduate | 86 (55.8) | 14 (66.6) | 5 (7.4) | 148 (61.1) | |
|
|
Postgraduate | 45 (29.2) | 5 (23.8) | 14 (20.9) | 64 (26.4) | |
|
|
Mixed population | 23 (14.9) | 2 (9.5) | 48 (71.6) | 30 (12.4) | |
| Setting, n (%) | ||||||
|
|
Hospital | 60 (38.9) | 10 (47.6) | 16 (23.8) | 86 (35.5) | |
|
|
University | 94 (61) | 11 (52.3) | 51 (76.1) | 156 (64.4) | |
| Study size, median (interquartile range) | 84 (47-138) | 63 (42-72) | 52 (30-93) | 72 (43-120) | ||
| Top 5 countries of publication, n (%) | ||||||
|
|
United States | 69 (44.8) | 8 (38) | 25 (37.3) | 102 (42.2) | |
|
|
United Kingdom | 20 (12.9) | 0 (0) | 5 (7.4) | 25 (10.3) | |
|
|
Germany | 10 (6.5) | 0 (0) | 4 (5.9) | 14 (5.7) | |
|
|
Canada | 10 (6.5) | 1 (4.7) | 2 (2.9) | 13 (5.3) | |
|
|
Australia | 6 (3.9) | 1 (4.7) | 4 (5.9) | 11 (4.5) | |
| Statistical significance of primary outcomes, n (%) | ||||||
|
|
No | 74 (48) | 8 (38) | 25 (37.3) | 107 (44.2) | |
|
|
Yes | 71 (46.1) | 11 (52.3) | 37 (55.2) | 119 (49.1) | |
|
|
Mixed | 9 (5.8) | 2 (9.5) | 5 (7.4) | 16 (6.6) | |
| Reported validity of the instrument used, n (%) | ||||||
|
|
No | 86 (55.8) | 16 (76.1) | 49 (73.1) | 151 (62.4) | |
|
|
Yes | 68 (44.1) | 5 (23.8) | 18 (26.8) | 91 (37.6) | |
| Reported learning theory for the design of intervention, n (%) | ||||||
|
|
No | 99 (64.2) | 12 (57.1) | 50 (74.6) | 161 (66.5) | |
|
|
Yes | 55 (35.7) | 9 (42.8) | 17 (25.3) | 81 (33.4) | |