Table 1.

MicroRNAs as therapeutic targets of pharmacological agents for CNS injuries.

CNS injuries	Agents	miRNAs regulation	Mechanisms	References
Stroke	VELCADE	↑ miR-146a	Inactivating ischemia and tPA potentiated toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway	Zhang et al.295
	Acetylbritannilactone	↓ miR-155	Blocking the pro-inflammatory action of miR-155 in ischemic brain	Wen et al.296
	Trimetazidine (TMZ)	↑ miR-21	Increasing PI3K pathway signaling and finally counteracted the apoptotic effects	Yang et al.297
	Atorvastatin	↓ miR-199a-5p	Increasing Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β)	Zuo et al.298
	6-[3-adamantyl-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-napthalene carboxylic acid (AHPN)	↓ miR-182	Increasing global conjugation of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)	Bernstock et al.299
	Nicorandil	↑ miR-7	Depressing the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and attenuated ischemia-induced inflammatory responses and astrocytic damage	Dong et al.300
TBI	Arctigenin (ARC)	↑ miR-16 and miR-199a	Reduce IKKα and IKKβ expression and inhibit NF-κB signaling pathway	Song et al.302
	Hydrogen gas (H2)	↑ miR-21	Alleviating brain edema and infarction after TBI, and upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes and downregulated oxidative products	Wang et al.303
SCI	Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)	↓ miR-30c	Upregulating Beclin-1 and LC3II expression in spinal cord	Li et al.305
		↑ miR-485-5p	Suppressing TNF receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein (TRADD) expression	Chen et al.306
	Naringenin (NR)	↓ miR-223	Inhibiting SCI-induced activation of neutrophils	Shi et al.307
	Ferulic acid	↓ miR-590	Elevating the level of VEGF	Li et al.304
	Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP)	↑ miR-21	Anti-apoptotic effects	Huang et al.308
		↓ miR-214-3p	Increasing the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl212	Fan et al.309

Note: Various pharmacological agents showing protective effects against stroke, TBI and SCI via regulating different miRNAs. “↑”, upregulate or “↓”, downregulate miRNA levels by pharmacological agents.

CNS: central nervous system; SCI: spinal cord injury.