HIV-1 RNA and p24 antigen levels throughout the ex vivo challenge assay. Scatter plots with mean ± SE bars displaying HIV-1 p24 antigen in pg/mL from the Alliance ELISA and HIV-1 RNA copies/mL from each ddPCR method: one step, one-step automated, and two step for each day of collection in the ex vivo challenge assay. (A) Baseline data and (B) day 28 after rilpivirine injection are shown for each assay type. All data are log transformed. Repeated measures one-way ANOVA test with the mean of day 3 set as the control. Significance set to 0.05. *p ≤ .05, **p ≤ .01, ***p ≤ .001, ****p ≤ .0001. ddPCR, droplet digital PCR; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.