Table 7.b.
Association of elevated blood manganese concentrations (BMC) with ASD status among children with different GSTP1 genotypes based on co-dominant and dominant genetic models after controlling for each heavy metal (lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic) using conditional logistic regression models. (163 matched pairs)
| Genetic Model | Higher BMC | Ref. BMC | Genotype(s) | Adjusted * (Lead) |
Adjusted * (Cadmium) |
Adjusted * (Mercury) |
Adjusted * (Arsenic] |
Adjusted * (four heavy metal) |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Matched Odds Ratio |
95% CI for MOR |
P value a, b | Matched Odds Ratio |
95% CI for MOR |
P value c, d | Matched Odds Ratio |
95% CI for MOR |
P value e, f | Matched Odds Ratio |
95% CI for MOR |
P value g, h | Matched Odds Ratio |
95% CI for MOR |
P value i, j | ||||||
| Co-dominant | BMC ≥ 12¼g/L |
v s. |
BMC ≥ 12¼g/L |
a t |
GSTP1 (Ile/Ile) |
4.34 | (1.14, 16.55) |
0.03 | 4.54 | (1.20, 17.19) |
0.03 | 4.49 | (1.18, 17.07) |
0.03 | 4.82 | (1.27, 18.32) |
0.02 | 4.48 | (1.17, 17.12) |
0.03 |
| BMC ≥ 12¼g/L |
v s. |
BMC ≥ 12¼g/L |
a t |
GSTP1 (Ile/Val) |
1.43 | (0.36, 5.59) |
0.61 | 1.32 | (0.34, 5.18) |
0.69 | 1.34 | (0.33, 5.36) |
0.68 | 1.24 | (0.32, 4.92) |
0.75 | 1.43 | (0.35, 5.91) |
0.62 | |
| BMC ≥ 12¼g/L |
v s. |
BMC ≥ 12¼g/L |
at | GSTP1 (Val/Val) |
0.30 | (0.06, 1.63) |
0.16 | 0.27 | (0.05, 1.44) |
0.13 | 0.27 | (0.05, 1.43) |
0.12 | 0.24 | (0.04, 1.44) |
0.12 | 0.28 | (0.05, 1.64) |
0.16 | |
| Dominant | BMC ≥ 12¼g/L |
v s. |
BMC ≥ 12¼g/L |
a t |
GSTP1 (val/*) |
0.76 | (0.28, 2.06) |
0.59 | 0.69 | (0.26, 1.86) |
0.47 | 0.69 | (0.25, 1.85) |
0.46 | 0.67 | (0.24, 1.84) |
0.43 | 0.75 | (0.26, 2.10) |
0.58 |
| BMC ≥ 12¼g/L |
v s. |
BMC ≥ 12¼g/L |
a t |
GSTP1 (IIe/IIe) |
3.98 | (1.07, 14.82) |
0.04 | 4.26 | (1.15, 15.79) |
0.03 | 4.25 | (1.13, 15.91) |
0.03 | 4.60 | (1.23, 17.16) |
0.02 | 4.28 | (1.13, 16.16) |
0.03 | |
Adjusted for potential confounders including parental education, place of child’s birth (Kingston parish vs. other parishes), consumption of root vegetables (“yam, sweet potato, or dasheen”), salt water fish, and cakes/buns
For the adjusted (lead) co-dominant model, the interaction term had P = 0.05;
For the adjusted (lead) dominant model, the interaction term had P = 0.04.
For the adjusted (cadmium) co-dominant model, the interaction term had P = 0.03;
For the adjusted (cadmium) dominant model, the interaction term had P = 0.02.
For the adjusted (mercury) co-dominant model, the interaction term had P = 0.03;
For the adjusted (mercury) dominant model, the interaction term had P = 0.03.
For the adjusted (arsenic) co-dominant model, the interaction term had P = 0.02;
For the adjusted (arsenic) dominant model, the interaction term had P = 0.02.
For the adjusted [four heavy metal (lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic)] co-dominant model, the interaction term had P = 0.04;