Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients according to etiology of CKD
| 5.Variables | Total | Subcohort | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PKD | DN | HTN | GN | Unclassified | |||
| Participants | 1788 | 293 | 429 | 334 | 618 | 114 | |
| Age (years) | 54.0 ± 12.2 | 47.0 ± 10.9 | 59.5 ± 9.2‡ | 59.8 ± 10.9‡ | 50.1 ± 12.1‡ | 54.9 ± 13.1‡ | < 0.001 |
| Female (n,%) | 690 (38.6) | 148 (50.5) | 127 (29.6) ‡ | 93 (27.8) ‡ | 273 (44.2) | 49 (43.0) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension (n,%) | 1723 (96.4) | 255 (87.0) | 424 (98.8) ‡ | 334 (100.0) ‡ | 600 (97.1) ‡ | 110 (96.5) ‡ | < 0.001 |
| DM (n,%) | 628 (35.1) | 12 (4.1) | 429 (100.0) ‡ | 63 (18.9) ‡ | 57 (9.2) ‡ | 67 (58.8) ‡ | < 0.001 |
| Current smoker (n,%) | 272 (15.2) | 40 (13.7) | 70 (16.3) ‡ | 63 (18.9) ‡ | 80 (12.9) | 19 (16.7) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 3.4 | 23.6 ± 3.1 | 25.4 ± 3.3‡ | 25.3 ± 3.5‡ | 24.2 ± 3.3 | 25.5 ± 4.0‡ | < 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease (n, %) | |||||||
| MI | 33 (1.8) | 1 (0.3) | 18 (4.2) ‡ | 8 (2.4) ‡ | \5 (0.8) | 1 (0.9) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke | 115 (6.4) | 17 (5.8) | 44 (10.3) ‡ | 34 (10.2) ‡ | 15 (2.4) ‡ | 5 (4.4) | < 0.001 |
| PAD | 68 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 29 (6.8) ‡ | 17 (5.1) ‡ | 10 (1.6) ‡ | 12 (10.5) ‡ | < 0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 128.9 ± 16.3 | 128.7 ± 13.3 | 135.4 ± 18.1‡ | 128.9 ± 15.4 | 124.1 ± 14.6‡ | 131.0 ± 19.5 | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 76.9 ± 11.1 | 80.5 ± 10.2 | 75.9 ± 11.6‡ | 77.8 ± 11.4‡ | 75.4 ± 10.0‡ | 77.5 ± 13.4 | < 0.001 |
| CKD stages (n, %) | |||||||
| Stage 1 | 204 (11.4) | 76 (25.9) | 12 (2.8) | 9 (2.7) | 91 (14.7) | 16 (14.0) | < 0.001 |
| Stage 2 | 326 (18.2) | 90 (30.7) | 30 (7.0) | 37 (11.1) | 141 (22.8) | 28 (24.6) | |
| Stage 3a | 326 (18.2) | 43 (14.7) | 65 (15.2) | 77 (23.1) | 127 (20.6) | 14 (12.3) | |
| Stage 3b | 400 (22.4) | 39 (13.3) | 110 (25.6) | 94 (28.1) | 128 (20.7) | 29 (25.4) | |
| Stage 4 | 424 (23.7) | 34 (11.6) | 167 (38.9) | 97 (29.0) | 105 (17.0) | 21 (18.4) | |
| Stage 5 | 108 (6.0) | 11 (3.8) | 45 (10.5) | 20 (6.0) | 26 (4.2) | 6 (5.3) | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 1.3‡ | 2.0 ± 1.2‡ | 1.6 ± 1.0‡ | 1.6 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1. 73m2) | 50.1 ± 29.9 | 68.1 ± 34.3 | 35.3 ± 20.4‡ | 40.3 ± 21.0‡ | 56.2 ± 30.3‡ | 54.6 ± 31.9‡ | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.8 ± 2.0 | 13.3 ± 1.8 | 11.7 ± 1.9‡ | 13.3 ± 2.0 | 13.2 ± 1.9 | 12.8 ± 2.3 | < 0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 4.0 ± 0.5‡ | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 4.1 ± 0.4‡ | 4.2 ± 0.5‡ | < 0.001 |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.1 ± 0.5 | 9.3 ± 0.5 | 8.9 ± 0.6‡ | 9.2 ± 0.5 | 9.2 ± 0.5‡ | 9.2 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 3.9 ± 0.7‡ | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 3.8 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 141.0 ± 2.3 | 141.1 ± 2.2 | 140.8 ± 2.7 | 141.1 ± 2.3 | 141.0 ± 2.2 | 140.4 ± 2.4 | 0.037 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 4.9 ± 0.6‡ | 4.6 ± 0.6‡ | 4.6 ± 0.5‡ | 4.7 ± 0.6‡ | < 0.001 |
| Chloride (mmol/L) | 105.6 ± 3.5 | 105.6 ± 2.9 | 106.1 ± 4.2 | 105.6 ± 3.5 | 105.4 ± 3.3 | 105.1 ± 3.7 | 0.011 |
| Total CO2 (mmol/L) | 25.7 ± 3.6 | 26.6 ± 3.2 | 24.9 ± 3.5‡ | 25.5 ± 3.6‡ | 26.1 ± 3.7 | 25.5 ± 3.8 | < 0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 96.5 ± 31.0 | 101.7 ± 27.6 | 89.8 ± 32.6‡ | 93.8 ± 30.1‡ | 100.1 ± 30.7 | 96.7 ± 32.0 | < 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 49.1 ± 15.2 | 54.6 ± 14.0 | 43.1 ± 13.2‡ | 46.3 ± 13.9‡ | 51.6 ± 15.6‡ | 52.0 ± 17.5 | < 0.001 |
| UPCR (g/g)* | 0.5 (0.1–1.5) | 0.8 (0.5–2.0) | 1.6 (0.4–3.8) ‡ | 0.3 (0.1–0.8) ‡ | 0.6 (0.3–1.6) ‡ | 0.6 (0.2–1.6) ‡ | < 0.001 |
| UACR (mg/g)* | 347.9 (77.9-1080.5) | 35.2 (13.3–121.7) | 1153.3‡ (290.8-2642.9) | 175.2‡ (24.9–535.1) | 483.7‡ (216.2-1157.7) | 404.6‡ (102.0-1127.3) | < 0.001 |
| Urine AGT/Cr ratio (μg/g)* | 32.5 (9.2-139.3) | 30.5 (12.5–82.7) | 35.1 (6.8–232.7) | 29.3 (9.9–123.4) | 36.0 (9.0–137.9) | 37.9 (8.4–205.3) | 0.719 |
| Urine osmolality (mOsm/kg) | 511.4 ± 144.8 | 516.7 ± 156.2 | 462.9 ± 108.3‡ | 504.8 ± 129.7 | 545.9 ± 159.3‡ | 513.3 ± 142.6 | < 0.001 |
| TTKG | 6.4 ± 2.4 | 7.2 ± 2.8 | 5.6 ± 2.1‡ | 6.3 ± 2.3‡ | 6.5 ± 2.4‡ | 6.3 ± 2.4‡ | < 0.001 |
| RAAS blockade (n, %) | |||||||
| Total | 1539 (86.1) | 229 (78.2) | 375 (87.4) ‡ | 278 (83.2) | 559 (90.6) ‡ | 98 (86.0) | < 0.001 |
| ARB only | 1344 (75.2) | 215 (73.4) | 325 (75.8) | 254 (76.0) | 462 (74.9) | 88 (77.2) | 0.91 |
| ACEi only | 96 (5.4) | 12 (4.1) | 24 (5.6) | 11 (3.3) | 43 (7.0) | 6 (5.3) | 0.14 |
| Dual blockade | 99 (5.5) | 2 (0.7) | 26 (6.1) ‡ | 13 (3.9) ‡ | 54 (8.8) ‡ | 4 (3.5) ‡ | < 0.001 |
| RAAS blockade dose (mg) | |||||||
| ARB† | 68.5 ± 32.2 | 68.9 ± 25.2 | 73.7 ± 34.3 | 66.6 ± 32.2 | 66.1 ± 31.2 | 67.0 ± 36.0 | 0.01 |
| ACEi¶ | 8.9 ± 5.3 | 8.9 ± 5.3 | 10.6 ± 6.1 | 14.1 ± 10.4 | 10.2 ± 5.1 | 8.9 ± 5.3 | 0.051 |
| Diuretics (n,%) | 577 (32.3) | 32 (10.9) | 245 (57.1) ‡ | 115 (34.4) ‡ | 151 (24.5) ‡ | 34 (29.8) ‡ | < 0.001 |
| Diuretics dose (mg) | |||||||
| Furosemide | 39.1 ± 25.0 | 26.7 ± 10.3 | 42.0 ± 28.6 | 32.8 ± 15.3 | 38.0 ± 22.4 | 37.1 ± 15.4 | 0.145 |
| Torsemide | 6.5 ± 7.8 | - | 4.8 ± 2.2 | 6.7 ± 2.6 | 4.8 ± 1.8 | 14.5 ± 20.0 | 0.161 |
| Hydrochlorothiazide | 14.2 ± 4.9 | 14.8 ± 5.5 | 14.7 ± 6.3 | 14.2 ± 4.3 | 13.9 ± 3.9 | 11.9 ± 2.0 | 0.469 |
| Spironolactone | 27.2 ± 11.0 | 25.0 ± 0.0 | 37.5 ± 17.7 | 33.3 ± 14.4 | 25.0 ± 7.9 | 26.6 ± 18.0 | 0.53 |
| Calcium channel blocker (n, %) | 750 (42.0) | 101 (34.5) | 240 (55.9) ‡ | 169 (50.6) ‡ | 184 (29.8) | 56 (49.1) ‡ | < 0.001 |
| Beta blocker (n, %) | 457 (25.6) | 72 (24.6) | 155 (36.1) ‡ | 108 (32.3) ‡ | 92 (14.9) ‡ | 30 (26.3) | < 0.001 |
*Data are expressed as median and interquartile ranges
‡Statistically different (P < 0.05) when compared to PKD group
†All other doses of ARBs were substituted for the equivalent dose of losartan
¶All other doses of ACE inhibitors were substituted for the equivalent dose of enalapril
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; DN, diabetic nephropathy; HTN, hypertensive nephropathy; GN, glomerulonephritis; PKD, polycystic kidney disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary arterial disease; MI, myocardial infarction; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; AGT, angiotensinogen; TTKG, transtubular potassium gradient; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldoterone system; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor