Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Variable | Healthy (N = 26) | Uncomplicated malaria (N = 50) | Severe malaria (N = 46) | Sepsis (N = 27) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (% male) | 81 | 78 | 67 | 56 | 0.12 |
| Coma (% GCS < 11) | 0 | 0 | 57 | 15 | < 0.001 |
| Lactate > 4 mmol/l (%) | 0 | 0 | 46 | 4 | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine > 3 mg/dl (%) | 0 | 0 | 26 | 7 | < 0.001 |
| Died (%) | 0 | 0 | 24 | 19 | 0.001 |
| Age (years) | 28 (26 to 35) | 25 (20 to 40) | 35 (26 to 42) | 32 (23 to 55) | 0.196 |
| Temperature (°C) | 36.8 (36.6 to 37) | 37.5 (36.9 to 38.7) | 37.6 (37.1 to 38.7) | 38.8 (38.2 to 39.3) | < 0.001 |
| Heart rate (/min) | 67 (60 to 74) | 95 (85 to 112) | 105 (87 to 123) | 102 (88 to 114) | < 0.001 |
| Base excess (mM) | 2 (− 1 to 2) | − 1 (− 3 to 1) | − 7 (− 11 to − 2) | 1 (− 3 to 3) | < 0.001 |
| Plasma lactate (mM) | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.4) | 1.5 (1.1 to 2) | 3.7 (2.5 to 6.5) | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.2) | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.9 (0.8 to 1) | 1 (0.8 to 1.2) | 1.4 (1 to 3.3) | 1 (0.9 to 1.3) | < 0.001 |
| Parasitaemia (/μl) | NA | 18,903 (3768 to 56,796) | 74,920 (19,091 to 282,751) | NA | 0.002 |
| Plasma PfHRP2 (ng/ml) | NA | 312 (172 to 763) | 2492 (1664 to 3950) | NA | < 0.001 |
| Plasma arginine (μM) | 101 (85 to 107) | 52 (37 to 64) | 53 (37 to 75) | 49 (39 to 54) | < 0.001 |
| Plasma ADMA (μM) | 0.53 (0.48 to 0.56) | 0.58 (0.48 to 0.75) | 0.58 (0.47 to 0.89) | 0.5 (0.39 to 0.61) | 0.032 |
| Plasma arginine/ADMA | 186 (160 to 227) | 87 (70 to 112) | 77 (66 to 98) | 92 (68 to 132) | < 0.001 |
| Plasma CFH (μM) | 2.7 (1.3 to 4.8) | 3.6 (1.9 to 5.1) | 8 (3.8 to 14.5) | 2.3 (0.6 to 5.6) | < 0.001 |
| VO2I (ml/min/m2) | 107.9 (69.9 to 138.1) | 185.1 (135 to 215.9) | 192 (140.7 to 227.9) | 155.3 (132.1 to 196.4) | < 0.001 |
| VCO2I (ml/min/m2) | 86.3 (56.5 to 105.6) | 118.3 (89.3 to 155) | 132.6 (98.4 to 145.6) | 105.2 (73.9 to 131.3) | 0.003 |
| RQ | 0.77 (0.7 to 0.86) | 0.63 (0.58 to 0.76) | 0.67 (0.59 to 0.74) | 0.64 (0.59 to 0.83) | 0.004 |
| CI (ml/min/m2) | 2575 (2340 to 3111) | 3792 (3404 to 4439) | 4167 (3564 to 4876) | 4142 (2988 to 4916) | < 0.001 |
| Haematocrit (%) | 43 (38 to 46) | 32 (25 to 37) | 26 (20 to 35) | 37 (30 to 42) | < 0.001 |
| O2 saturation (%) | 97 (96 to 98) | 97 (96 to 99) | 96 (95 to 97) | 95 (92 to 97) | < 0.001 |
| DO2I (ml/min/m2) | 503 (447 to 517) | 515 (432 to 612) | 487 (382 to 601) | 575 (513 to 694) | 0.02 |
| VO2/DO2 | 0.23 (0.17 to 0.28) | 0.35 (0.28 to 0.44) | 0.38 (0.29 to 0.48) | 0.26 (0.21 to 0.34) | < 0.001 |
For non-binary variables statistics shown are median (interquartile range)
VO2I oxygen consumption index, VCO2I carbon dioxide production index, RQ respiratory quotient, CI cardiac index, DO2I oxygen delivery index, NA not applicable. CFH cell free haemoglobin
P-value is for Kruskal–Wallis test across the four groups or chi2 test