Table 1.

Participant Characteristics

	Children of HW (n = 22)	Children With OB (n = 54)	P Value
Female, %	45	44	0.94a
Race			0.09a
White, %	91	67
Multiple, %	5	20
Other, %	5	13
Non-Hispanic/Latino, %	95	78	0.06b
Age, y	10.4 (0.9)	10.4 (0.8)	0.95b
BMI parameters
BMI, kg/m2	16.9 (1.3)	29.1 (6.3)	n/a
BMI, Z scorec	−0.1 (0.5)	2.2 (0.3)	n/a
BMI, percentilec	46 (18)	98 (1.1)	n/a
BMI, % over the 95th percentilec,d	−26.2 (4.7)	26.7 (26.0)	n/a
Body composition
Fat mass, kg	7.6 (3.3)	31.9 (13.0)	n/a
Fat mass, %	21.5 (6.1)	48.6 (6.6)	n/a
Lean mass, kg	26.6 (3.0)	32.2 (5.1)	n/a
Lean mass, %	78.5 (6.1)	51.4 (6.6)	n/a
Fasting plasma concentrations
Leptin, ng/mL	3.22 (2.79–5.54)	29.2 (22.7–37.5)	<0.0001e
PYY, pg/mL	164 (136–194)	167 (133–217)	0.69e
Ghrelin, pg/mL	52.8 (44.7–65.7)	35.6 (24.3–51.6)	0.002e
GLP-1, pM	3.00 (1.43–4.64)	2.45 (1.49–4.20)	0.87e
Glucose, mg/dL	94.5 (7.0)	97.4 (5.6)	0.09b
Insulin, uU/mL	5.6 (3.85–5.95)	14.4 (9.8–18.7)	0.0001e
HOMA-IR	1.25 (0.93–1.51)	3.51 (2.46–4.63)	<0.0001e

Data are means (SD) or medians (interquartile range) unless otherwise reported. Group comparisons are unadjusted and were done by the indicated method. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Children with OB had significantly higher BMI parameters and body fat mass compared with children of HW. For fasting plasma concentrations and HOMA-IR, n = 20 to 21 for children of HW and n = 43 to 46 for children with OB.

^a χ ² Test (categorical).

^bLinear regression (normally distributed).

^cBMI parameters were calculated with least mean square values by sex and age.

^dBMI percentage over the 95th percentile was calculated as the percentage that the current BMI was over the estimated 95% BMI percentile (https://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/percentile_data_files.htm).

^eWilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test (nonnormal distribution).