Table 3.
Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) for codelivery of antitumor agents
| Codelivery ingredients | Delivery-system materials | Method | Advantages | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) + paclitaxel (Ptx) | Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)–casein polymer– protein hybrid NPs | Emulsion precipitation | The core–shell nanoconstruct sequentially released EGCG followed by Ptx, which was sustained for 7 and 12 days, respectively. Compared with the bare drugs, dual-loaded NPs significantly increased plasma concentration, residence time, and circulatory half-life of nanoencapsulated Ptx and EGCG. | 181 |
| Camptothecin (CA) + ABT737 | PEGylated polymeric NPs | Nanoencapsulation | Dual-loaded NPs exerted synergistic cytotoxic effects against HCT116 cells, RKO cells, and HT29 cells at a range of NP concentrations. | 200 |
| Gambogic acid (GA) + docetaxel (Dtx) | PLGA NPs | Nanoprecipitation | GA and Dtx were released synchronously in blood from the NPs in vivo. Compared with the saline control group, free Dtx solution and free Dtx-GA solution, the cocarrier NP-preparation group had the strongest inhibitory effect on the MCF7/ADR human breast-tumor xenograft. | 201 |
| Quercetin (Qct) + tamoxifen (Tmx) | PLGA NPs | Emulsion–diffusion solvent evaporation | NPs coencapsulated with Tmx and Qct had higher cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and tumor suppression in female rats compared to free Tmx citrate, free Qct, and their combination. | 202 |
| Piperlongumine (PL) + Ptx | PLGA and -α-tocopheryl D PEG succinate NPs | Organic solvent evaporation | Compared with free Ptx, the double-loaded NPs had a sustained drug-release rate, showing increased cytotoxicity and cellular uptake in vitro. Ptx/PL-PT NPs suppressed tumor growth more efficiently with less toxicity than Ptx solution. | 203 |
| Qct + etoposide (Etp) | PLGA NPs | Single-emulsification (oil in water) solvent evaporation | With sustained release shown by NP pharmacokinetic parameters, bioavailability increased gradually. Cytotoxicity assays showed that the IC50 values of Etp-loaded NPs and Etp + Qct double-loaded NPs were nine- and elevenfold lower than free Etp. | 199 |
| Piperine + rapamycin | PLGA NPs | Nanoprecipitation | Dual-loaded NPs exhibited sustained release, with potential for long-term therapeutic action with less dosing frequency, and would result in a reduction of dosing and improved bioavailability compared to single-drug administration. | 204 |
| Vincristine (VI) + verapamil (VE) | PLGA NPs | Oil-in-water emulsion- solvent evaporation | The toxicity of coencapsulated NPs was lower than that of the free VI–VE combination. Compared with normal saline, free VI, free VI–VE combination, and single-drug NP combination, the coencapsulated NP group had the best tumor growth–inhibition effect in the MCF7/ADR human breast-tumor xenograft. | 205 |
Abbreviation: PEG, polyethylene glycol.