Table 1. Literature review of economic growth and CO2 emission.
| Study | Datasets | Econometric techniques | Period | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [28] | 12 Western European countries | linear cointegration model | 1861–2015 | Elasticity of income of CO2 emission in all countries. The cointegration method of CO2 emission and GDP of countries. The study important for developing countries. |
| [29] | Tunisian | Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model. | 1980–2014 | Determined the influence factor of CO2 emission. Explored, the EKC with inverted U-shaped pattern in CO2 emission. |
| [30] | 21 industrial countries | Unit root test | 1960–1997 | The test result was consistent with narrow and wide application in different industrial countries. |
| [31] | 21 OECD countries | Univariate unit root tests | 1950–2014 | The per capita CO2 emission is less explosive at each quantile without smooth break in 21 OECD Countries. |
| [32] | Pakistan | ARDL approach | 2014 | Dynamic causality between energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emission. |
| [33] | South African | ARDL approach, Engel Granger method. | 1960–2009 | Per capita has significant long positively effect in level of CO2. Find bidirectional causality between in income per capita and foreign trade. |
| [34] | 116 Countries | Panel vector autoregressive (PVAR), Generalized method of moment (GMM) | 1990–2014 | Energy consumption does not cause of regional level, Economic growth has negative casual impact on carbon emission, energy consumption positively causes of economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa. |
| [35] | 28 subsectors | Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) | 2002–2015 | FDI is positive predictor of environmental quality and reduce CO2 emission level. |
| [23] | 42 developing countries | Granger causality modeling, error correction model (ECM), Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) | 2002–2011 | In long the energy consumption positively contribute to economic growth. |
| [36] | India, Indonesia, China and Brazil | Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) | 1970–2012 | EKC finding that Brazil, China and Indonesia impact on income and reduce their CO2 emission. |
| [37] | 24 sub-Saharan African countries | Panel cointegration | 1980–2010 | Inverted U-Shaped EKC is not supported for these countries in long-run estimation; export have a positive and import have a negative impact on CO2 emission. |
| [38] | China and India | ARDL | 1965–2013 | EKC result supported by long-run positive impact on emission |
| 20 countries in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) | Regression | 1980–2014 | EKC impact by regression on population, affluence and technology framework. | |
| [19] | 5 economies of South Asia | FMOLS | 1971–2013 | Consumption of energy and population density will increase in long run. |
| [39] | 14 Asian countries | GMM | 1990–2011 | To support EKC by emissions and income per capita and results are statistically significant. |
| Middle East, North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa | DOLS and VEC | 1980–2010 | The results of EKC indicate significance of renewable energy consumption. | |
| [40] | 25 OECD countries | FMOLS | 1980–2010 | EKC verified that non-renewable energy CO2 emissions renewable. |
Sources: Authors’ compiling by the literature review