Table 2.

Outcome and theory-based variables by group at the pre-test.

Outcome variables (Mean±SD)	Range	Control (N=42)	Intervention (N=49)	Total (N=91)	p
Symptom Distress
Physical symptomsa	0.8–2.4	1.40±0.38	1.42±0.50	1.41±0.45	.82
Psycho logical symptomsb	0.8–2.9	1.67±0.50	1.72±0.70	1.70±0.61	.66
Psychosomatic symptomsc	0.8–3.5	1.67±0.63	1.89±0.84	1.75±0.75	.35
Total	0.8–2.6	1.58±0.39	1.65±0.58	1.62±0.50	.66
Symptom Frequency
Psychological symptomsd  (log transformed)	0.9–3.6	1.93±0.67	1.84±0.73	1.89±0.70	.57
Theory-based variables
Attitudes	1.2–5.9	3.49 (2.03)	4.06 (1.89)	3.80 (1.96)	.17
Social influences	1.1–6.8	5.72 (1.45)	5.61 (1.28)	5.67 (1.36)	.71
Perceived barriers	1.0–3.9	3.12 (0.55)	2.98 (0.61)	3.05 (0.59)	.27
Self-efficacy	1.1–8.8	5.96 (1.56)	6.16 (1.77)	6.06 (1.67)	.55

SD = standard deviation/ All categories of symptoms were measured using the MSAS-SF.

^aPhysical symptoms included ‘nausea,’ ‘vomiting,’ ‘shortness of breath,’ ‘sweats,’ ‘feeling bloated,’ ‘problems with urination,’ ‘diarrhea,’ ‘weight loss,’ ‘itching,’ ‘changes in skin,’ ‘constipation,’ ‘swelling of arms or legs,’ ‘numbness/tingling in hands/feet,’ ‘lack of appetite,’ and ‘pain.’

^bPsychological symptoms included ‘difficulty concentrating’ and ‘problems with sexual interest or activity.’

^cPsychosomatic symptoms included ‘difficulty sleeping’ and ‘dizziness.’

^dPsychological symptoms included ‘feeling sad,’ ‘worrying,’ ‘feeling irritable,’ and ‘feeling nervous.’