Table 3.
Evaluation of the virtual environment: shown here are the means of Virtual Reality navigation duration and debriefing scores across experimental groups.
| Active wake group | Sleep group | Age effects | Interval type effects | Interaction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Younger adults | Older adults | Younger adults | Older adults | F(1,71) | F(1,71) | F(1,71) | |
| Navigation duration (s) | 596.05 (110.17) | 728.3 (187.76) | 609.56 (132.56) | 595.50 (107.10) | 3.42 | 3.48 | 5.24 |
| p = 0.07 | p = 0.07 | p = 0.02 | |||||
| η2 = 0.05 | η2 = 0.05 | η2 = 0.07 | |||||
| Use of laptop∗ | 6.89 (0.32) | 6.22 (1.93) | 6.67 (0.84) | 5.50 (2.42) | 5.78 | 1.53 | 0.43 |
| p = 0.02 | p = 0.22 | p = 0.51 | |||||
| η2 = 0.08 | η2 = 1.53 | η2 = 0.00 | |||||
| Debriefing∗∗ | |||||||
| Navigation appreciation (Q1) | 7.67 (1.78) | 7.20 (2.35) | 7.05 (2.01) | 7.80 (2.04) | 0.04 | 0.00 | 1.83 |
| p = 0.84 | p = 0.94 | p = 0.18 | |||||
| η2 = 0.00 | η2 = 0.00 | η2 = 0.03 | |||||
| Presence (Q2, Q3, Q4) | 18.28 (6.6) | 17.44 (8) | 13.28 (6.26) | 18.77 (8.29) | 1.86 | 1.15 | 3.43 |
| p = 0.17 | p = 0.29 | p = 0.07 | |||||
| η2 = 0.03 | η2 = 0.02 | η2 = 0.05 | |||||
| Task difficulty (Q5, Q6) | 2.33 (1.19) | 4.33 (3) | 3.28 (2.35) | 4.30 (2.8) | 7 | 0.34 | 0.73 |
| p = 0.01 | p = 0.43 | p = 0.4 | |||||
| η2 = 0.09 | η2 = 0.00 | η2 = 0.01 | |||||
Values in parentheses represent standard deviations; p-values in bold represent significance.
∗Laptop frequency of use: scale from 1 (never used) to 7 (daily use).
∗∗Ratings were made on a 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 10 (Strongly Agree) point Likert scale.
Q1: Overall, did you enjoy your exploration of the proposed virtual environment? Q2: During the navigation in the virtual environment, did you have the feeling of walking in the city? Q3: Did you get the impression that the avatars were like real people? Q4: Did you feel as if you were really in the city? Q5: Did you find navigation in the virtual environment difficult? Q6: Did you find the recall task difficult?