Table 2.
Frequency of cognitive impairment (CI) in patients with CIS compared with matched HC or national normative data.
| References | CIS n | HS n | % CI CIS | Definition CI | NP battery | DD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feuillet et al. (16) | 40*** | 30 | 57 | ≥2 tests ≤ 2SD | BRB-N + other tests | 2.89/0.5 (1–3) months |
| Potagas et al. (17) | 33 | 43 | 27.3 | >2 scores < 1.64 SD (5th percentile) | BRB-N | 1.0 (1.5) years |
| Zipoli et al. (18) | 61 | Normative data | 25 | ≥2 tests ≤ 2SD | BRB-N + Stroop | < 3 months |
| Khalil et al. (19) | 44 | Normative data | 18.2 | >1 test (z score < 1.64) (5th percentile) | BRB-N | 0.2 (0.1–0.8) years |
| Reuter et al. (20) | 97*,** | 55 | 20 | ≥2 scores < 1.64 SD (5th percentile) | BRB-N | 5.0 (1–16, 21) months |
| Vitterbo et al. (22) | 100 | Normative data | 21 | ≥2 scores < 1.5 SD | BRB-N | < 12 months |
| Uher et al. (23) | 81** | 134 | 12.3 | ≥2 scores < 1.5 SD | MACFIMS | < 4 months |
| Ruano et al. (10) | 167 | Normative data | 34.5% | ≥2 scores < 1.64 SD in ≥2 domains | BRB-N | 1.4 (2.2) years |
CIS, clinically isolated syndromes; CI, cognitive impairment; NP, neuropsychological; DD, disease duration; BRB-N, Brief-Repeatable Battery of neuropsychological tests; MACFIMS, Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis. SD, standard deviation.
*
Oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid.
**
>1 lesion brain or cord magnetic resonance imaging.
***
Dissemination in space on magnetic resonance imaging.