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. 2019 Mar 26;9:5143. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41597-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Changes in diversity with age. (a) Boxplot illustrating changes in alpha diversity measured by species richness for each age group. Using a non-linear mixed effects model with a negative binomial distribution, there was no significant association between richness and age (P > 0.05). (b) Change in beta diversity with age measured using the Bray Curtis dissimilarity score. Mean and standard deviation in Bray Curtis dissimilarity score shown for each age group. This demonstrates an increase in dissimilarity by age (PERMANOVA, r² = 0.15, P = 0.03).