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. 2019 Mar 26;9:5132. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41546-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Mouse model of bilateral carotid body denervation. Each depicted procedure is explained in the Materials and Methods section. (A) F_iO₂ and isoflurane (iso) levels and timing during the surgical procedure and HVR testing. In short, (B) anesthesia is induced and maintained by subcutaneous buprenorphine injection and isoflurane inhalation. A rectal temperature probe is applied, the animal is fixated, and a midline incision in the neck is made. (C) The bifurcation of the carotid artery accessed on each side by blunt preparation. A schematic (D) and microscopic anterolateral perioperative image (E) of the anatomy of the carotid chemoreceptor area is depicted (15× magnification) showing the carotid body (CB) (after removal of) the superior cervical ganglion (SCG), carotid baroreceptor (BR), glossopharyngeal nerve (n.IX), common carotid artery (CCA), external carotid artery (ECA), and the internal carotid artery (ICA).