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. 2019 Mar 26;9:5204. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41692-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Gene expression differences between modern (lineage 2 and 4) and ancient (lineage 1) strains. A heatmap showing the 105 genes differentially expressed between ancient and modern strains, constructed with the gene expression distances between rows. Rows and columns are ordered based on row or column means. Over-expressed genes are coloured in red whilst under-expressed ones in green. Ancient strains (n = 8) represented on the left of the white vertical line and modern strains (n = 14) on the right. Lineage 1 represented in violet, Lineage 2 in blue and Lineage 4 in red.