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. 2019 Mar 26;9:5147. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41643-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Energy of mutual RBC interaction influenced by NPs (a). The solid line fits the energy dependence obtained for RBCs in plasma (control sample) based on the cross-bridges model²⁷. The aggregation forces of RBC interaction in plasma incubated with NPs (b). The U-test at p < 0.05 shows a significant difference in aggregation forces for the sample treated with NDs relative to the control. The details of the OT setup and the measurement procedures are presented in the Methods section.