Fig 5.

Top 10 negative contributors to changes in health adjusted life expectancy at birth (HALE₀) in terms of total effect at global level and in 21 regions. Regions are ordered according to HALE₀ in 1990, from lowest to highest. All diseases and injuries are at level 3. Alcohol=alcohol use disorders; Animal=animal contact; Anxiety=anxiety disorders; Atrial FF=atrial fibrillation and flutter; Back & neck=low back and neck pain; Brain C=brain and nervous system cancer; Breast C=breast cancer; Cirr alcohol=cirrhosis due to alcohol use; Cirr hep B=cirrhosis due to hepatitis B; Cirr hep C=cirrhosis due to hepatitis C; CMP=cardiomyopathy and myocarditis; Colorect C=colon and rectum cancer; Congenital=congenital anomalies; COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Diarrhoea=diarrhoeal diseases; Endocrine=endocrine, metabolic, blood, and immune disorders; HTN HD=hypertensive heart disease; IHD=ischaemic heart disease; Inflam bowel=inflammatory bowel disease; Intel dis=idiopathic intellectual disability; Kidney C=kidney cancer; Liver C=liver cancer; Lung C=tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer; Mechanic=exposure to mechanical forces; Medical=adverse effects of medical treatment; Nature=exposure to forces of nature; NN sepsis=neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections; Other cardio=other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases; Other cirr=cirrhosis due to other causes; Other inj=other unintentional injuries; Other NN=other neonatal disorders; Other respira=other chronic respiratory diseases; Pancreatic C=pancreatic cancer; Parkinson=Parkinson’s disease; Skin=skin and subcutaneous diseases; Stroke=cerebrovascular disease; Urinary=urinary diseases and male infertility; Violence=interpersonal violence; War=collective violence and legal intervention