Table 1.

Preclinical Evaluation of TEVGs in Large Animal Models as Arteriovenous Conduits

Authors and year	Large animal model	Vascular graft	Site of implantation	Result
Kohler et al. (1999)20	Sheep	PTFE	Unilateral carotid artery to EJV	Venous stenosis reliably produced within 4 weeks
Rotmans et al. (2005)22	Pig	Anti-CD34-coated ePTFE grafts; uncoated ePTFE grafts as control	Bilateral carotid artery to IJV	Increased endothelialization and intimal hyperplasia at 4 weeks after implantation compared with controls
Li et al. (2005)21	Sheep	P15 cell-binding peptide-treated ePTFE grafts; untreated ePTFE as control	Unilateral carotid artery to jugular vein	Reduced intimal hyperplasia and higher degree of endothelialization compared with controls
Dahl et al. (2011)23	Baboon	Decellularized bioreactor vessel derived from cadaveric allogenic smooth muscle cells seeded onto PGA	Unilateral axillary artery to brachial vein	88% of grafts were patent at 6 months and did not display dilatation, calcification, and intimal hyperplasia
Tillman et al. (2012)24	Sheep	Decellularized arterial scaffold seeded with ovine endothelial cells	Unilateral carotid artery to EJV	All grafts developed venous outflow stenosis
Present study	Sheep	PGA/PLCL 1:1 nanofiber	Bilateral carotid artery to EJV	Remodeling and endothelialization of TEVG noted without calcification or stenosis

EJV, external jugular vein; ePTFE, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene; IJV, internal jugular vein; TEVGs, tissue-engineered vascular grafts.