Table 2.

Studies on VKAs and cognitive performances.

References	Participants	Design	Cognitive evaluation	Main results	Strenghts	Limitations
Annweiler et al. (69)	267 patients (mean age 83) hospitalized or seen in consultation from WARHOLa study	Cross Sectional	MMSEb	Fluindione is positively associated to lower MMSEb score	Standardized collection of data, detailed description of the participants' characteristics	Restricted study cohort, cognitive impairment assessed using only MMSEb score, no serum vitamin K concentration evaluated, association between cognitive impairment and the use of VKAsc accounted neither for the length of treatment nor for INRd history
Ferland et al. (70)	7,133 nondemented community-dwellers (mean age 73)	Prospective (follow up: 10 years)	ISTe, BVRTf, MMSEb	VKAsc usage is positively associated to lower ISTe and BVRTf scores, no association was found between vitamin K and MMSEb	Large population cohort, follow-up of 10 years	No dietary Vitamin K intake or serum levels evaluated, no detailed information of VKAsc treatment (doses, length), limited number of cognitive tests available at each follow-up
Brangier et al. (71)	18 VKAsc and 36 community-dwellers from GAITg cohort (mean age 76)	Cross Sectional	None (MRI scans for brain volumery)	The duration of exposure to VKAsc correlated with focal brain atrophy	Use of VBMh approach to locate focal atrophies, standardized collection of data from a single research center	Geriatric study cohort, use of two different MRIs (1,5T and 3T), no information provided by VBMh analysis on the potential mechanisms causing atrophies, segmentation, and normalization defect in VBMh analysis
Brangier et al. (72)	378 geriatric outpatients (46 VKAsc users) from MEREi study (mean age 82)	Prospective (follow up: 24 months)	MMSEb, FABj	Use of VKAsc was associated with lower FABj scores at baseline, and with more significant worsening after 24 months. No significant association between MMSEb scores and VKAsc use.	Longitudinal prospective design with an intermediate mid-term evaluation and a final long-term evaluation, standardized collection of data from a single research center	Geriatric study cohort, incomplete follow-up at 12 and 24 months, no detailed information of VKAsc treatment (length, history of INRd), no dietary vitamin K intake or serum levels evaluated

^aWho is At Risk of Hypovitaminosis in Older study.

^bMini-Mental State Examination.

^cVitamin K Antagonists.

^dInternational Normalized Ratio.

^eIsaac Set Test.

^fBenton Visual Retention Test.

^gGait and Alzheimer Interactions Tracking.

^hVoxel Based Morphometry.

ⁱAlzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders' study.

^jFrontal Assessment Battery.