Table 3. Summary of Reported IrAEs Involving Cardiovascular System: EF.
| References | Presentation | Number of cases | Age (mean) | Immune checkpoint inhibitors (number of cases) | Doses (mean) | Labs |
Treatments (outcome) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiac enzyme elevation | EF reduction | |||||||
| [95-99] | Myocarditis | 10 | 49 - 80 (62) | Nivolumab-2, ipilimumab-5, nivolumab/ipilimumab-4 | 1 - 10 (3) | Yes-6, no-2, N/A-2 | Yes-6, no-2, N/A-2 | Cardioversion/steroids/infliximab/pacemaker/beta blockers/diuretics, death-6, EF improved-4 |
| [98, 100] | Cardiac arrest | 2 | 63, 88 | Pembrolizumab-1, nivolumab-1 | 4, 3 | Yes-2 | Yes-1, N/A-1 | Steroids/pacemaker, death-1, clinically improved-1 |
| [98] | Heart failure | 1 | 81 | Ipilimumab | 3 | No | Yes | Diuretics, EF did not improve |
| [101] | Temponade | 1 | 64 | Nivolumab | 9 | No | N/A | Pericardiocentesis, improved |
| [98] | Myocardial fibrosis | 1 | 61 | Ipilimumab | 2 | N/A | N/A | Steroids, death |
| [102] | Cardiac allograft rejection | 1 | 49 | Nivolumab | 1 | Yes | Yes | Steroids/dobutamine, EF improved |
| [98] | Cardiomyopathy | 1 | 68 | Ipilimumab | 4 | N/A | Yes | Diuretics/ACE inhibitors/beta blocker, EF, improved |
EF: ejection fraction.